Depression and anxiety among K-12 teachers in the United States: A systematic review

Teachers experience high levels of stress and burnout; however, it is less clear whether teachers also experience high levels of depression and anxiety. The purpose of this systematic review was to describe the literature examining depression and anxiety among K-12 teachers in the United States, with a focus on (a) identifying factors that may be associated with and (b) describing interventions aimed at improving depression and/or anxiety among teachers. A literature search was conducted in January 2022 using APA PsycInfo, ERIC, CINAHL, Web of Science, and PubMed. Studies were eligible if they (a) measured U.S. K-12 teachers as an outcome; (b) measured teacher depression or anxiety; (c) were available in English; and (d) were published between 2000 and 2021. Two coders extracted key study information and assessed the risk of bias using the Newcastle-Ottawa scale for observational studies and the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force checklist for clinical trials. This review included 19 studies (10 cross-sectional, four longitudinal, and five interventions). Studies indicated that teachers may experience greater levels of depression and anxiety than the general population. High perceived stress, poor coping skills, more student problem behaviors, and poor school climate were associated with greater depression and anxiety among teachers. Interventions achieved small to large reductions in depression and anxiety. This review suggests that several factors are related to depression and anxiety among teachers and is limited by the few studies that met the inclusion criteria. Interventions that use multilevel approaches to improve teacher mental health may be needed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2025 APA, all rights reserved).