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Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Spinal Anesthesia

Spinal anesthetics are given during lower abdomen and limb surgeries to block sensory and motor neurons. They are administered in the mid to low lumbar regions, primarily acting on the cauda equina's nerve roots. The blockade level depends on the local anesthetic (LA) concentration. Usually, low LA concentrations are sufficient to block sensory fibers, while only high LA concentrations block motor fibers. Other factors like injection volume and speed, the patient's posture, and the drug...

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Local Anesthetics: Clinical Application as Epidural Anesthesia

Epidural anesthetics are administered in the fat-filled epidural space, the outermost part of the spinal canal. This technique is commonly employed for pain management and anesthesia during lower abdomen and pelvis surgeries or labor and delivery.
Since epidural anesthetics can be infused through an epidural catheter, all types of drugs, including short-acting ones, can be administered. Chloroprocaine and lidocaine are examples of short and long-duration anesthetics, respectively. Bupivacaine...

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

Depolarizing Blockers: Pharmocokinetics

Depolarizing blockers are administered through intravenous injection. Succinylcholine is the most common choice of depolarizing blockers in emergency clinical practices. Although they have a rapid onset, they readily diffuse away from the motor end plate into the extracellular fluid. They are metabolized by enzymes such as liver butyrylcholinesterase and plasma pseudocholinesterases. This produces a short duration of action, typically 5-10 minutes long, unlike nondepolarizing blockers, which...

General Anesthesia: Overview

General Anesthesia: Overview

Anesthesia is a medical procedure that uses drugs for CNS suppression to enable painless surgeries and procedures. The selection of anesthetics is influenced by their pharmacokinetic properties, side effects, and patient characteristics. Various types of anesthesia include general, local, regional, spinal, and inhalational.
General anesthesia induces unconsciousness in the whole body, while the others target specific areas or sensations. It is administered to minimize adverse effects, maintain...

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

Local Anesthetics: Adverse Effects

While local anesthetics are generally safe and well-tolerated, they can occasionally cause adverse effects that vary in severity. Local anesthetics can induce toxicity at two distinct levels. They can either produce local effects through direct contact with the neural elements or be absorbed into the bloodstream from the injection site, leading to systemic effects.
Once absorbed into the systemic circulation, local anesthetics can affect the organs that depend on the functioning of sodium...

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal Muscle Relaxants: Therapeutic Uses

Skeletal muscle relaxants are used to relax muscle tone and alleviate painful muscle contractions. However, the choice of skeletal muscle relaxants depends on the duration of the surgical procedure in order to minimize potential side effects. Skeletal muscle relaxants like neuromuscular blocking agents [NMBAs] are commonly employed as adjuvants alongside general anesthetics in clinical settings. NMBAs are also used to maintain controlled ventilation during surgery of the larynx or pharynx...

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Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse

Laminectomy and Spinal Cord Window Implantation in the Mouse

Published on: October 23, 2019

Navigating Anesthetic Challenges in Multiple Spinal Hydatid Cysts.

Chhaya M Suryawanshi¹, Jayant Bhatia¹

¹Anesthesiology, Dr. D.Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Centre, Dr. D.Y. Patil Vidyapeeth (Deemed to be University), Pune, IND.

|September 13, 2024

Summary

Spinal hydatid disease, caused by Echinococcus granulosus larvae, is a rare condition affecting the spine. Early diagnosis is crucial for patients presenting with spinal compression syndrome.

Keywords:

anaphylaxis echinococcus granulosus hydatid cyst laminectomy spinal compression

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Infectious Diseases
Parasitology

Background:

Spinal hydatid disease is a rare parasitic infection caused by Echinococcus granulosus larvae.
It commonly affects the thoracic spine but can occur elsewhere, leading to spinal cord or vertebral involvement.

Observation:

A case report details a 42-year-old male from a remote region with multiple spinal hydatid cysts.
The patient presented with four months of progressive lower limb weakness, incontinence, and back pain.

Findings:

The patient exhibited numerous distinct cystic lesions causing spinal cord compression syndrome.
Spinal hydatidosis can present with significant morbidity and poor prognosis.

Implications:

This case highlights the importance of considering spinal hydatidosis in patients with spinal compression syndrome, especially in endemic areas.
Prompt evaluation and diagnosis are essential for managing this uncommon but severe condition.