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Related Concept Videos

Arboviral Encephalitis01:25

Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
Cytomegalovirus Disease01:27

Cytomegalovirus Disease

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) disease is caused by human cytomegalovirus, a double-stranded DNA virus of the Herpesviridae family. While primary CMV infection is often asymptomatic in immunocompetent individuals, the virus can cause severe disease in neonates and immunocompromised patients. CMV is the most common cause of congenital viral infection in the United States, and a major pathogen in solid organ and hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.CMV is transmitted via bodily fluids, sexual...
Encephalitis l: Introduction01:19

Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
Huntington Disease l: Introduction01:21

Huntington Disease l: Introduction

Huntington disease or HD is a progressive, fatal neurodegenerative disorder inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern.PathophysiologyIt is caused by expansion of the CAG trinucleotide repeat in the HTT gene on chromosome 4 (4p16.3), producing an abnormal huntingtin protein with an expanded polyglutamine tract. This misfolded protein disrupts cellular function, leading to neuronal death. Normal alleles have ≤26 repeats, 27–35 are intermediate (risk of expansion), 36–39 show reduced penetrance,...
Hepatic Encephalopathy01:29

Hepatic Encephalopathy

DefinitionHepatic encephalopathy is a reversible neurologic syndrome that results from advanced liver dysfunction or portosystemic shunting. It leads to disturbances in cognition, behavior, and motor function due to the brain’s exposure to gut-derived toxins that the liver fails to detoxify.EtiologyThis condition develops either in the setting of acute fulminant hepatitis or progressively during chronic liver disease, such as cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Portosystemic shunting—including...

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[The structure of stroke and the effect of somatic and addiction diseases on its appearance and course in patients with HIV infection].

Zhurnal nevrologii i psikhiatrii imeni S.S. Korsakova·2022
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Updated: May 11, 2026

Chronic, Acute, and Reactivated HIV Infection in Humanized Immunodeficient Mouse Models
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[Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in HIV-positive individuals].

D O Tarasov1, I A Lebedev2, E A Seliverstov1

  • 1Regional Hospital No. 3, Tobolsk, Russia.

Zhurnal Nevrologii I Psikhiatrii Imeni S.S. Korsakova
|September 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This review covers progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) in HIV infection, detailing its causes, clinical signs, and diagnostic approaches. It synthesizes current knowledge on PML pathogenesis and pathology in immunocompromised individuals.

Keywords:
HIV infectiondiagnosismagnetic resonance imagingopportunistic infectionsprogressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy

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Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Infectious Diseases
  • Pathology

Background:

  • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare, opportunistic infection affecting individuals with compromised immune systems, particularly those with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV).
  • Understanding the historical and modern perspectives on PML etiology and pathogenesis is crucial for managing this devastating neurological condition in HIV-positive patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To provide a comprehensive overview of the etiology and pathogenesis of PML in the context of HIV infection.
  • To analyze and synthesize existing literature on the clinical presentation, diagnostic methods, and pathomorphological features of PML in HIV-positive individuals.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of data on PML in HIV-infected patients.
  • Analysis of clinical, laboratory, instrumental (including neuroimaging), and pathomorphological findings.

Main Results:

  • The article details the historical evolution of understanding PML and current concepts regarding its causes and disease mechanisms.
  • It provides an in-depth discussion of the clinical manifestations and diagnostic capabilities and limitations of various methods, emphasizing neuroimaging.
  • Pathomorphological characteristics specific to PML in HIV-positive individuals are also covered.

Conclusions:

  • A thorough understanding of PML's multifaceted aspects in HIV infection is essential for accurate diagnosis and effective management.
  • The review highlights the importance of integrating clinical, radiological, and pathological data for optimal patient care.