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Related Concept Videos

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation01:24

Metabolic States of the Body: Fasting and Starvation

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During the initial hours of fasting, the body uses up its glycogen stores as an energy source. Once these glycogen reserves are depleted, the body begins breaking down stored triglycerides and structural proteins. During this stage, glycerol becomes a key substrate for gluconeogenesis, while free fatty acids undergo beta-oxidation to provide energy for tissues, such as skeletal muscle. In the fasting state, the body spares protein breakdown as much as possible to conserve muscle and structural...
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Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State01:18

Metabolic States of the Body: The Postabsorptive State

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The postabsorptive state usually starts about four hours after a meal and lasts until the next meal is eaten. During this time, the digestive system stops absorbing nutrients, and the body uses stored energy reserves to maintain stable blood glucose levels.
Initially, glycogen stored in the liver is broken down to release glucose into the bloodstream, while glycogen in the muscles is broken down to supply glucose for energy directly within the muscle cells. As glycogen stores diminish,...
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Metabolic States of the Body: The Absorptive State01:25

Metabolic States of the Body: The Absorptive State

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During the absorptive state, which lasts approximately four hours after a meal, the body absorbs nutrients from the gastrointestinal tract. The carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids we consume are broken down into monosaccharides, amino acids, and free fatty acids for absorption. While carbohydrates and proteins are absorbed as-is, lipids are absorbed in their broken-down forms and then re-esterified into triglycerides within enterocytes before being packaged into chylomicrons. These absorbed...
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Regulation of Food Intake01:30

Regulation of Food Intake

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Short-term regulation of food intake primarily involves neural signals from the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, blood nutrient levels, and GI tract hormones. Communication between the gut and brain via vagal nerve fibers plays a significant role in evaluating the contents of the gut. Clinical studies have shown that protein ingestion produces a more prolonged response in these nerve fibers compared to an equivalent amount of glucose. Additionally, the activation of stretch receptors caused by GI...
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Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose01:02

Glucose Homeostasis: Regulation of Blood Glucose

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Carbohydrates consumed through foods are converted into glucose, a crucial energy source for the body. In the prandial state, high blood glucose levels stimulate the secretion of insulin from the pancreas. Insulin inhibits hepatic glucose production and stimulates glucose uptake and metabolism by muscle and adipose tissue. The excess glucose is converted into glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles.
During fasting, when blood glucose levels are low, the pancreas secretes glucagon. it...
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Hypoglycemia and Glucagon01:15

Hypoglycemia and Glucagon

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Without prolonged fasting, healthy individuals maintain blood glucose levels above 3.5 mM due to a well-adapted neuroendocrine counterregulatory system that effectively prevents acute hypoglycemia, a potentially life-threatening condition. The primary clinical scenarios for hypoglycemia encompass diabetes treatment, inappropriate production of endogenous insulin or insulin-like substances by tumors, and the use of glucose-lowering agents in non-diabetic individuals. Notably, hypoglycemia in the...
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Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Assessment of the Metabolic Effects of Isocaloric 2:1 Intermittent Fasting in Mice
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[Nutrition and fasting].

Andreas Michalsen1,2

  • 1Professur für Klinische Naturheilkunde, Institut für Sozialmedizin, Epidemiologie und Gesundheitsökonomie , Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Deutschland. andreas.michalsen@charite.de.

Zeitschrift Fur Rheumatologie
|September 13, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Nutritional therapies like Mediterranean and plant-based diets may improve symptoms and quality of life in rheumatoid arthritis. Prolonged fasting shows significant anti-inflammatory effects, offering a potential addition to conventional treatments.

Keywords:
DietNutritional therapyRheumatic diseasesRheumatoid arthritisTherapeutic fasting

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Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Nutritional Science
  • Dietary Interventions

Context:

  • Patients with rheumatic diseases frequently inquire about nutritional therapy options.
  • Empirical evidence links nutritional factors to the occurrence and management of inflammatory rheumatic diseases.
  • Epidemiological and clinical studies are increasingly evaluating nutrition and dietary restrictions in rheumatology.

Purpose:

  • To present a narrative review of the evidence regarding nutritional interventions and fasting in rheumatology.
  • To discuss the clinical implications of these dietary strategies for rheumatic conditions.

Summary:

  • Limited data from small studies exist for definitive evidence assessment.
  • Mediterranean, plant-based, and anti-inflammatory diets show small to moderate benefits for rheumatoid arthritis symptoms and quality of life.
  • Prolonged fasting demonstrates significant anti-inflammatory effects and symptomatic benefits in rheumatoid arthritis, with lasting effects when followed by vegan/vegetarian diets.

Impact:

  • Plant-based nutrition shows moderate benefit for osteoarthritis, particularly with metabolic syndrome.
  • Dietary weight normalization has moderate evidence of benefit in psoriasis.
  • Nutritional interventions and fasting can be considered a potentially useful adjunct to conventional rheumatic disease treatment, though currently underutilized in practice.