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Related Concept Videos

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:17

The Extrinsic Apoptotic Pathway

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The extrinsic apoptotic pathway is initiated when extracellular death-inducing signals, such as specific cytokines, activate the death receptors expressed on the cell surface. The immune cells involved in this pathway are natural killer cells (NK cells) and cytotoxic T-lymphocytes. NK cells are critical in innate immune response, while cytotoxic T-lymphocytes are associated with adaptive immune response. These cells recognize specific receptors expressed on the altered cells and activate...
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Apoptosis01:30

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Apoptosis is a combination of two Greek words, 'apo' and 'ptosis,' meaning separation and falling off, respectively. Hippocrates used this word to describe gangrene, which was caused due to bandaging of fractured bones. Apoptosis was distinguished from necrosis in 1970 when John Kerr reported observations of morphological changes occurring during apoptosis. During one experiment, he observed that the disruption of blood supply to the liver tissue resulted in a size...
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Cells undergoing apoptosis form apoptotic bodies that must be removed immediately to prevent inflammation, autoimmune diseases, and necrosis. Phagocytosis is carried out by professional phagocytes such as macrophages or  immature dendritic cells. Non-professional phagocytes such as  epithelial cells and fibroblasts also take part in this process; however, they are not as effective as professional phagocytes. 
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The Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway01:31

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Internal cellular stress, such as cellular injury or hypoxia, triggers intrinsic apoptosis. The B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2) family of proteins are the primary regulators of the intrinsic apoptotic pathway. For example, during DNA damage, checkpoint proteins, such as Ataxia Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM protein) and Checkpoints Factor-2 (Chk2) proteins, are activated. These proteins phosphorylate p53 which further activates pro-apoptotic proteins, such as Bax, Bak, PUMA, and Noxa, and inhibits...
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Overview of Cell Death01:30

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Cell death is an essential process where the body gets rid of old or damaged cells. Cell proliferation and death need to be balanced, as an imbalance between the two may lead to cancer or autoimmune diseases.
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Proteins and neurotransmitters in secretory vesicles can be released from a cell upon vesicle docking, priming, and fusion with the plasma membrane. Vesicles are docked and primed in preparation for the quick exocytosis of their contents in response to a stimulus. The fusion process is mainly carried out by a SNAP Receptor or SNARE complex, consisting of synaptobrevin, syntaxin-1, and SNAP-25.
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Apoptotic Vesicles: Therapeutic Mechanisms and Critical Issues.

Q Ou1, W Huang1, B Wang1

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Summary

Apoptotic vesicles (apoVs), generated during programmed cell death, show therapeutic potential for various diseases and applications like drug delivery. This review covers their history, current research, and future challenges.

Keywords:
apoptosisapoptotic bodieschronic inflammationclinical trialextracellular vesicletherapeutics

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Area of Science:

  • Cell Biology
  • Biochemistry
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Apoptosis is a crucial process for tissue homeostasis.
  • Apoptotic vesicles (apoVs) are released during apoptosis, carrying cellular components.
  • ApoVs have demonstrated potential in treating inflammation, tumors, and immune disorders.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the historical research of apoVs.
  • To summarize current preclinical and clinical studies involving apoVs.
  • To discuss potential challenges and future directions for apoV applications.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of historical and recent studies on apoVs.
  • Analysis of preclinical and clinical trial data.
  • Synthesis of information on apoV composition and function.

Main Results:

  • ApoVs contain diverse biomolecules (proteins, RNAs, lipids) from parent cells.
  • Therapeutic applications include inflammation, tumors, immune disorders, and tissue regeneration.
  • ApoVs are being explored as drug carriers, vaccine components, and diagnostic tools.

Conclusions:

  • ApoVs represent a promising therapeutic and diagnostic tool.
  • Clinical trials are underway for conditions like osteoarthritis and bone regeneration.
  • Further research is needed to address challenges in apoV application.