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Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 6, 2026

In Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Resident Glial Cells into Interneurons by Intracerebral Injection of Viral Vectors

In Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Resident Glial Cells into Interneurons by Intracerebral Injection of Viral Vectors

Published on: June 17, 2019

Comparing Viral Vectors and Fate Mapping Approaches for Astrocyte-to-Neuron Reprogramming in the Injured Mouse

Matteo Puglisi^1,2,3, Chu Lan Lao^1,2,4, Gulzar Wani^1,2

¹Division of Physiological Genomics, Biomedical Center, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, 82152 Planegg-Martinsried, Germany.

|September 14, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Direct neuronal reprogramming effectively converts reactive glial cells into neurons using Mo-MLVs, but AAV systems yield artefactual results. This study clarifies vector efficacy for glial cell conversion in brain injury repair.

Keywords:

AAV Neurogenin2 astrocytes birthdating direct reprogramming fate mapping neurons retrovirus viral vectors

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Published on: November 29, 2024

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Last Updated: Jun 6, 2026

In Vivo Direct Reprogramming of Resident Glial Cells into Interneurons by Intracerebral Injection of Viral Vectors

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Published on: June 17, 2019

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AAV Systems and Mouse Models for Investigating Ectopic Expression of Neurod1 in Transduced Cells at Subacute and Chronic Times Post-Ischemic Stroke

AAV Systems and Mouse Models for Investigating Ectopic Expression of Neurod1 in Transduced Cells at Subacute and Chronic Times Post-Ischemic Stroke

Published on: November 29, 2024

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Regenerative Medicine
Molecular Biology

Background:

Direct neuronal reprogramming offers a potential strategy for neuron replacement in neurological disorders.
Distinguishing newly reprogrammed neurons from pre-existing ones is critical for validating this approach.
Reactive glia following brain injury present a target for in situ neurogenesis.

Purpose of the Study:

To compare the efficacy and specificity of Mo-MLVs and AAVs for direct neuronal reprogramming of reactive glia.
To validate the glial origin of reprogrammed neurons using genetic fate mapping.
To assess the role of Neurogenin2 variants in glial-to-neuron conversion.

Main Methods:

Utilized Moloney murine leukemia virus (Mo-MLV) and adeno-associated virus (AAV) vectors expressing Neurogenin2.
Employed genetic fate mapping of astrocytes and developmental birthdating for lineage tracing.
Conducted chronic live in vivo imaging to monitor cellular dynamics.
Compared phosphorylation-resistant Neurogenin2 with its wildtype form.

Main Results:

Mo-MLVs successfully reprogrammed reactive astrocytes into neurons, confirmed by astrocyte-specific genetic fate mapping.
AAV-mediated expression led to artefactual labeling of pre-existing neurons, not glial conversion.
Phosphorylation-resistant Neurogenin2 showed higher efficiency in Mo-MLV-mediated reprogramming of reactive glia.
AAV systems generated artifacts and failed to achieve genuine fate conversion.

Conclusions:

Mo-MLVs targeting proliferating glia are effective for direct neuronal reprogramming in vivo.
AAV vectors can produce artefactual results, complicating the interpretation of neuronal origins.
Phosphorylation-resistant Neurogenin2 enhances the efficiency of glial reprogramming via Mo-MLVs.