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Related Concept Videos

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue01:27

Growth of Cartilage and Bone Tissue

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Chondrocytes form a temporary cartilaginous model by dividing and secreting a thick gel-like extracellular matrix. Once the chondrocytes undergo programmed cell death, osteoblasts enter the site of the cartilaginous model. The process of replacing the temporary cartilaginous model with bone in an ordered manner is called endochondral ossification. In endochondral ossification, not all of the cartilage is replaced by bone tissue. Some cartilage that performs a protective and supportive function...
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Bone Formation by Endochondral Ossification01:24

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Bone formation, or ossification, begins around the sixth to seventh week of embryonic development. Most bones develop from a cartilaginous template through the process of endochondral ossification. Cartilage formation begins when clusters of mesenchymal cells differentiate into chondrocytes. These chondrocytes proliferate rapidly and secrete an extracellular matrix that becomes encased in a membrane called the perichondrium. The resulting cartilage model provides a template that resembles the...
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Bone Remodeling01:40

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Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
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Homeostatic Imbalance01:10

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Homeostasis is the maintenance of a stable internal environment within the body, which is crucial for the proper functioning of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems. The body has various control mechanisms that work together to regulate various physiological parameters such as temperature, blood pressure, pH balance, and fluid balance, to name a few. These control mechanisms are based on feedback loops that can be either positive or negative.
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pH Homeostasis01:31

pH Homeostasis

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Acid-base homeostasis is essential for maintaining normal physiological activities in humans. The pH of various body fluids is strictly regulated because it is critical for the optimal activity of enzymes involved in metabolic reactions. Enzymes are basically proteins, so, any significant change in pH can affect their structure and activity. In humans, pH is regulated using three primary mechanisms— chemical buffer systems, respiratory regulation, and renal regulation.
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Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

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Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2025

An Ex Vivo Tissue Culture Model of Cartilage Remodeling in Bovine Knee Explants
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Cartilage Homeostasis under Physioxia.

Yuji Arai1, Ryota Cha2, Shuji Nakagawa1

  • 1Department of Sports and Para-Sports Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|September 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Articular cartilage uses hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) to respond to low oxygen. Controlling HIF-1α and HIF-2α may offer new osteoarthritis treatments.

Keywords:
HIFcartilagechondrocyteshypoxiaosteoarthritisphysioxia

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Real-time Visualization and Analysis of Chondrocyte Injury Due to Mechanical Loading in Fully Intact Murine Cartilage Explants
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Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Cell Biology
  • Orthopedics

Background:

  • Articular cartilage relies on synovial fluid for nutrients and oxygen, creating a unique hypoxic environment.
  • Hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) are crucial regulators in this physioxic state, with levels changing based on oxygen availability.
  • The HIF-α family (HIF-1α, HIF-2α, HIF-3α) has distinct roles within articular cartilage.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the differential roles of HIF-1α and HIF-2α in articular cartilage homeostasis and osteoarthritis.
  • To explore the potential of modulating HIF expression for novel osteoarthritis therapeutic strategies.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of HIF-α family member expression under varying oxygen conditions (normoxia vs. physioxia).
  • Examination of HIF-1α and HIF-2α roles in chondrocyte function and cartilage degeneration in osteoarthritis models.

Main Results:

  • HIF-1α is upregulated in osteoarthritis chondrocytes, exhibiting a protective, anabolic effect on articular cartilage.
  • HIF-2α demonstrates a catabolic influence on articular cartilage, contrasting with HIF-1α's function.

Conclusions:

  • Differential regulation of HIF-1α and HIF-2α is critical for articular cartilage health.
  • Targeting HIF-1α and HIF-2α expression, potentially through pharmacological or environmental oxygen modulation, presents a promising avenue for osteoarthritis treatment.