Characterization of a Romanian Pediatric Population with Eosinophilic Esophagitis

Background/objectives: An increase in the incidence of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) in children has been reported worldwide in the last decade. We conducted a study in a tertiary pediatric gastroenterology unit aimed at analyzing the clinical manifestations, biochemical markers, and endoscopic features of children with EoE in comparison to patients with non-eosinophilic esophagitis. Methods: This is a prospective analysis involving children with symptoms related to esophageal dysfunction, who had esophagogastroduodenoscopies with esophageal biopsies between January 2021 and April 2024 at "Dr. Victor Gomoiu" Clinical Children's Hospital, in Bucharest, Romania. For the analysis, patients were considered in either Group 1, classified as EoE, or in Group 2, classified as reflux esophagitis. Results: Among the total of 72 patients diagnosed with esophagitis, 17 patients (Group 1-study group) were classified as EoE and 55 were classified as reflux esophagitis (Group 2-control group). The sex ratio analysis showed a male predominance in the study group (71% vs. 32%, p = 0.002). The main symptoms were regurgitation, eructation, and nausea. Dysphagia was present in two (11.76%) patients from Group 1. Eosinophilia was more prevalent in the EoE group than in the individuals with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) (10 (58.85%) vs. 10 (18.18%, p = 0.001)), as well as the total IgE (11 (64.70%) vs. 6 (10.9%, p = 0.001)). Conclusions: Pediatric gastroenterologists need to be aware of EoE atypical presentation and perform adequate biopsies, mainly in children with refractory GERD-like symptoms, dysphagia, and food bolus impaction. Further analyses in terms of prognosis and treatment response should be addressed in longitudinal studies.