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Estimating Lab-Quake Source Parameters: Spectral Inversion from a Calibrated Acoustic System.

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Area of Science:

  • Seismology and geophysics
  • Laboratory studies of earthquake processes

Background:

  • Laboratory acoustic emissions (AEs) are crucial analogues for studying earthquake mechanics.
  • Accurate physical interpretation of AEs requires rigorous calibration of the acoustic system.
  • Existing methods may not fully account for sensor, instrumentation, and path effects.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop and validate an empirical calibration technique for laboratory acoustic emission systems.
  • To quantify the combined effects of sensor response, instrumentation, and wave propagation.
  • To obtain calibrated acoustic emission source spectra for improved physical interpretation.

Main Methods:

  • Developed an 'instrument apparatus response' to characterize system effects in the frequency domain.
  • Used controlled seismic sources (steel balls) and piezoelectric sensors (PZTs) simulating seismic stations.
  • Applied the calibration to acoustic emissions from quartz gouge in double direct shear experiments.

Main Results:

  • Successfully retrieved and removed the instrument apparatus response from raw AE spectra.
  • Obtained calibrated AE source spectra that constrain seismic AE source parameters.
  • Calibrated AEs from stick-slip quartz gouge experiments showed magnitudes (-7.1 to -6.4) and stress drops (0.075–4.29 MPa) consistent with earthquake scaling.

Conclusions:

  • The calibration method enhances physical insights into laboratory acoustic emission sources.
  • Laboratory AEs from frictional gouge experiments exhibit strong similarities to natural earthquakes.
  • This work improves understanding of seismic rupture processes in fault gouge experiments.