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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading
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Perceptual inference corrects function word errors in reading: Errors that are not noticed do not disrupt eye

Adrian Staub1, Harper McMurray1, Anthony Wickett1

  • 1Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst, United States.

Cognitive Psychology
|September 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Readers often miss word errors, challenging reading models. This study found that unnoticed errors do not disrupt eye movements, suggesting linguistic knowledge influences perception rather than correction.

Keywords:
Perceptual inferenceReadingSentence processing

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Psychology
  • Psycholinguistics
  • Reading Science

Background:

  • Readers frequently overlook errors like omitted or repeated function words.
  • This challenges models assuming full lexical processing and integration of every word.
  • A proposed explanation is post-perceptual inference, where errors are initially perceived but unconsciously corrected.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if undetected reading errors cause detectable disruption in eye movements.
  • To differentiate between post-perceptual correction and direct perceptual influence.

Main Methods:

  • A large-scale eyetracking experiment was conducted.
  • Participants read naturalistic sentences containing omitted or repeated two-letter function words.
  • Eye movement data was analyzed for disruption when errors were missed versus noticed.

Main Results:

  • Readers failed to notice over 36% of omission and repetition errors.
  • When all trials were analyzed, both error types caused significant eye movement disruption.
  • However, in trials where errors went unnoticed, no eye movement disruption was detected; reading was even faster.

Conclusions:

  • Unnoticed reading errors do not appear to be initially perceived and then corrected.
  • Linguistic knowledge seems to influence what readers perceive, rather than correcting perceived errors.
  • This challenges post-perceptual inference accounts of error detection in reading.