Fluorinated plant activators induced dual-pathway signal transduction and long-lasting ROS burst in chloroplast

Synthetic plant activators represent a promising novel class of green pesticides that can triggering endogenous plant immunity against pathogen invasion. In our previous study, we developed a series of fluorinated compounds capable of eliciting disease resistance in plants; however, the underlying regulatory mechanisms remained unclear. In this study, we systematically investigated the mechanism of plant immune activation using four synthetic plant activators in Arabidopsis thaliana (A. thaliana), including two fluorine-substituted and two non‑fluorine-substituted molecules. Our findings revealed that the fluorinated compounds exhibited superior disease resistance activity compared to the non-fluorinated molecules. Gene expression analysis in systemic acquired resistance (SAR)- and induced systemic resistance (ISR)-related pathways demonstrated that fluorine substitution effectively regulated both SAR- and ISR-pathway activation, highlighting the distinct roles of fluorine in modulating the plant immune system. Notably, the prolonged ROS burst was observed in chloroplasts following treatment with all four plant activators, contrasting with the transient ROS burst induced by natural elicitors. These results provide insights into the unique mechanisms underlying synthetic plant activator-induced plant immunity. Furthermore, comprehensive proteomic analysis revealed a robust immune response mediated by fluorine-substituted plant activators. These findings offer novel insights into the role of fluorine substitution in SAR- and ISR-associated immune signaling pathways and their distinct impact on ROS production within chloroplasts.