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MOS Capacitor01:25

MOS Capacitor

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A Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor (MOS) capacitor is a fundamental structure used extensively in semiconductor device technology, particularly in the fabrication of integrated circuits and MOSFETs (metal-oxide-semiconductor field-effect transistors). The MOS capacitor consists of three layers: a metal gate, a dielectric oxide, and a semiconductor substrate.
The metal gate is typically made from highly conductive materials such as aluminum or polysilicon. Beneath the metal gate lies a thin layer of...
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MOSFET01:16

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The Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistor (MOSFET) plays a pivotal role in modern electronics thanks to its versatility and efficiency in controlling electrical currents. This device, also known as IGFET, MISFET, and MOSFET, has three main terminals: the Source, Drain, and Gate. MOSFETs are classified into n-channel or p-channel types based on the doping characteristics of their substrate and the source or drain regions.
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Enhancement-mode MOSFETs are pivotal components in electronics, distinguished by their capacity to act as highly efficient switches. They are part of the larger family of metal-oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors (MOSFETs). They are available in two types: p-channel and n-channel, each tailored to specific polarity operations.
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NMOSD and MOGAD: Updates on diagnostic criteria.

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What's new in NMOSD and MOGAD?

R Marignier1

  • 1Service de neurologie, sclérose en plaques, pathologies de la myéline et neuro-inflammation, centre de référence des maladies inflammatoires rares du cerveau et de la moelle (MIRCEM), hôpital neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, Bron, France.

Revue Neurologique
|September 14, 2024
PubMed
Summary

This review covers recent advances in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibody-associated disease (MOGAD). It examines diagnostic criteria, seronegative cases, and current/future treatments for these inflammatory demyelinating diseases.

Keywords:
Antibodies myelitisMultiple sclerosisMyelin oligodendrocyte glycoproteinNeuromyelitis opticaOptic neuritis

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroimmunology
  • Neurology
  • Ophthalmology

Background:

  • Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders (NMOSD) and Myelin Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein Antibody-Associated Disease (MOGAD) are rare autoimmune conditions affecting the central nervous system.
  • Advances in understanding antibody targets have refined diagnostic approaches.
  • Significant knowledge gaps remain, particularly concerning seronegative presentations and optimal treatment strategies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review novelties in NMOSD and MOGAD.
  • To evaluate proposed MOGAD diagnostic criteria and their implications.
  • To discuss the current understanding and unmet needs in seronegative NMOSD and explore acute treatment options for both conditions.

Main Methods:

  • Mini-review of recent literature on NMOSD and MOGAD.
  • Analysis of proposed MOGAD diagnostic criteria, including cerebrospinal fluid-only antibody positivity.
  • Synthesis of current knowledge on seronegative NMOSD (nosology, clinical, biological, imaging features).

Main Results:

  • Proposed MOGAD criteria require evaluation for limitations and impact on patient subgroups.
  • The "double seronegative" NMOSD group presents diagnostic and therapeutic challenges.
  • Current and future acute treatment strategies for NMOSD and MOGAD are discussed.

Conclusions:

  • Refined diagnostic criteria for MOGAD are emerging, necessitating careful evaluation.
  • Understanding and managing seronegative NMOSD remains a critical unmet need.
  • Optimizing acute treatment is essential for improving outcomes in NMOSD and MOGAD.