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Schema-driven prediction effects on episodic memory across the lifespan.

Javier Ortiz-Tudela1, Gözem Turan2,3, Martina Vilas4

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Prediction errors enhance memory encoding, especially in children and young adults. Older adults rely more on schema integration for memory, showing lifespan differences in how prediction errors impact episodic memory.

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Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Neuroscience
  • Psychology

Background:

  • Predictive processing theory suggests the brain anticipates incoming information using internal models.
  • Prediction errors (PE) signal novel information when actual evidence deviates from predictions.
  • The impact of PE on episodic memory across the lifespan remains incompletely understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the relationship between prediction errors and episodic memory encoding.
  • To explore how these effects differ across developmental stages (children, young adults, older adults).
  • To elucidate the role of prediction and schema integration in memory formation.

Main Methods:

  • A novel paradigm using rich visual narratives to construct action schemas.
  • Manipulation of story endings (expected, neutral, unexpected) to generate varying levels of prediction error.
  • Assessment of mnemonic encoding across different age groups.

Main Results:

  • Expected story endings were encoded better than neutral endings.
  • Unexpected endings enhanced the encoding of incongruent events and narrative details.
  • Lifespan differences observed: PE-driven encoding was stronger in children and young adults; schema integration was more critical for older adults.

Conclusions:

  • Prediction errors play a significant role in enriching past experiences and guiding future expectations.
  • Episodic memory encoding is modulated by prediction error processing, with age-related variations.
  • Schema integration becomes increasingly important for memory in older age.