Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Explicit Memories01:27

Explicit Memories

116
Explicit memories, also known as declarative memories, are consciously remembered, recalled, and reported. Studying for a chemistry exam involves material that will become part of explicit memory. There are two types of explicit memory: episodic and semantic.
Episodic memory contains information about personally experienced events and is reported as a story. An example of episodic memory is recalling a birthday celebration. This type of memory includes the what, where, and when of an event, as...
116
Autobiographical Memory01:14

Autobiographical Memory

5.2K
Autobiographical memory is a unique type of episodic memory that involves recollecting personal life experiences. It allows individuals to remember significant events from their past, creating a narrative of their lives. One interesting phenomenon related to autobiographical memory is the reminiscence bump. This effect refers to the tendency of adults to recall more events from their second and third decades of life — typically between ages 10 to 30 — than from other periods. This...
5.2K
Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

132
Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
132
Storage01:23

Storage

81
A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
81
System of Memory01:23

System of Memory

5.5K
Memory is categorized into three major systems: sensory memory, short-term memory (STM), and long-term memory (LTM). These systems differ in their capacity and the duration for which they can hold information. Sensory memory captures raw sensory input from the environment, holding it for just a few seconds or less. For example, on hearing a brief, loud sound, like a car horn honking, the sound seems to linger in the mind for a moment even after it stops. This is an instance of sensory memory...
5.5K
Traumatic Memory01:20

Traumatic Memory

82
Emotionally traumatic events often lead to memories that are exceptionally vivid and enduring, sometimes persisting with remarkable clarity throughout an individual's life. A classic example of this phenomenon is a person who survives a car accident. Even years later, they may recall every detail of the event with startling accuracy — the screeching of the tires, the jarring impact, and the acrid smell of burning rubber. Such vividness contrasts sharply with how an individual...
82

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

On bodies, brains, and behaviour (and a little bit of magic).

The Behavioral and brain sciences·2025
Same author

Can an old rook learn new tricks? Vocal command comprehension and obedience in rooks (Corvus frugilegus).

Animal cognition·2025
Same author

Mapping the adaptive landscape of Batesian mimicry using 3D-printed stimuli.

Nature·2025
Same author

Uncertainty monitoring in Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius).

Animal cognition·2025
Same author

Eurasian jays (Garrulus glandarius) show episodic-like memory through the incidental encoding of information.

PloS one·2024
Same author

Vocal complexity in a socially complex corvid: gradation, diversity and lack of common call repertoire in male rooks.

Royal Society open science·2024
Same journal

The microlandscapes of tree trunks: the effect of lichen and tree-level characteristics on arthropod communities.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Centimetre-scale landscapes to assess the motion behaviour and cognition of gastropods and bivalves.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Intertidal microcosms of wave-swept rocky shores: ecological and physiological insights from a uniquely stressful environment.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Temporal and spatial variation in temperature and oxygen at the microscale: key niche axes for aquatic life.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Natural microcosms in ecology: fulfilling the promise of model systems?

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
Same journal

Microbe-induced galls and plant defence: metabolite crosstalk in a co-evolutionary battle.

Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2025

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
09:13

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Published on: May 16, 2017

11.3K

Is episodic-like memory like episodic memory?

James R Davies1, Nicola S Clayton1

  • 1Department of Psychology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK.

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences
|September 15, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Episodic-like memory research in animals shows mixed results. Future studies should use multiple behavioral paradigms to assess diverse aspects of this memory in non-human species.

Keywords:
incidental encodingmental time travelsource memorywhat–where–when

More Related Videos

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
11:01

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: August 30, 2011

13.6K
Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

33.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2025

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test
09:13

A Real-world What-Where-When Memory Test

Published on: May 16, 2017

11.3K
Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease
11:01

Examining the Characteristics of Episodic Memory using Event-related Potentials in Patients with Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: August 30, 2011

13.6K
Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm
06:35

Examining Recall Memory in Infancy and Early Childhood Using the Elicited Imitation Paradigm

Published on: April 28, 2016

33.9K

Area of Science:

  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Comparative Psychology
  • Animal Behavior

Background:

  • Episodic memory, the recollection of personal events, is fundamental to human consciousness.
  • The uniqueness of human episodic memory is debated, prompting research into episodic-like memory in non-human animals.
  • Episodic-like memory research investigates behavioral parallels to human episodic memory without assuming conscious recall.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review influential behavioral paradigms used to assess episodic-like memory in diverse taxa.
  • To examine the conceptual representation of human episodic memory features in non-human episodic-like memory.
  • To identify similarities, differences, and research gaps in the comparative study of episodic memory.

Main Methods:

  • Review of established behavioral paradigms: what-where-when memory, incidental encoding/unexpected question, and source memory.
  • Comparative analysis of episodic-like memory features across mammals, birds, and cephalopods.
  • Examination of phylogenetic and neurological diversity in relation to memory capabilities.

Main Results:

  • Evidence for episodic-like memory across taxa is mixed, with variations in how well it mirrors human episodic memory.
  • Identified similarities and differences in memory components across phylogenetically diverse species.
  • Highlighted gaps in the current literature regarding the multifaceted nature of episodic memory.

Conclusions:

  • Episodic memory is complex, involving multiple cognitive structures and processes.
  • Research on non-human episodic-like memory should adopt a multifaceted approach.
  • Utilizing various behavioral paradigms is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of episodic-like memory across species.