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Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Noninvasive and Invasive Renal Hypoxia Monitoring in a Porcine Model of Hemorrhagic Shock
Published on: October 28, 2022
Biomarkers in acute kidney injury
Marlies Ostermann1, Matthieu Legrand2, Melanie Meersch3
1Department of Critical Care, Guy's & St Thomas' NHS Foundation Hospital, London, SE1 7EH, UK. marlies.ostermann@gstt.nhs.uk.
None:
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a multifactorial syndrome with a high risk of short- and long-term complications as well as increased health care costs. The traditional biomarkers of AKI, serum creatinine and urine output, have important limitations. The discovery of new functional and damage/stress biomarkers has enabled a more precise delineation of the aetiology, pathophysiology, site, mechanisms, and severity of injury. This has allowed earlier diagnosis, better prognostication, and the identification of AKI sub-phenotypes. In this review, we summarize the roles and challenges of these new biomarkers in clinical practice and research.
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