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Manifestations of Endocrine Disease in the Lower Extremities: Beyond the Diabetic Foot
Kleoniki I Athanasiadou1, Christothea A Tsiridis2, Ioanna A Paschou3
1Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Centre, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
Abstract:
The aim of this narrative review was to discuss manifestations of endocrine disease other than diabetic foot in the lower extremities. Acromegaly, Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome, hypo- and hyperthyroidism, hypo- and hyperparathyroidism, autoimmune polyglandular syndrome, hypopituitarism, and glucagonoma are among the endocrine diseases that may present with clinical manifestations in the lower extremities. Clinical signs vary depending on the underlying condition. Clinical suspicion is necessary for early diagnosis. Treatment of the underlying endocrine disease usually results in improvement of lower-extremity manifestations.
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