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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2025

In Vitro Modeling of Down Syndrome Neurogenesis Using Human-Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells
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Developmental Milestones for Children With Down Syndrome.

Nicole Baumer1,2,3, Rafael DePillis1, Katherine Pawlowski1

  • 1Division of Developmental Medicine, Department of Pediatrics.

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Summary

This study establishes age-based developmental milestone norms for children with Down syndrome, aiding pediatricians in screening and guidance. These findings support early intervention for individuals with Down syndrome.

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Area of Science:

  • Pediatrics
  • Developmental Biology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • The American Academy of Pediatrics advises anticipatory guidance for children with Down syndrome.
  • Existing tools lack specific developmental norms for this population.
  • Accurate developmental screening is crucial for early intervention.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To estimate age ranges for developmental milestone achievement in children and adolescents with Down syndrome.
  • To provide pediatric practitioners with tools for developmental screening.
  • To facilitate tailored guidance for families of children with Down syndrome.

Main Methods:

  • Data collected from 842 individuals with Down syndrome (ages 2 months to 24 years) via questionnaires.
  • Analysis of 2599 visits between March 2018 and March 2023 at Boston Children's Hospital Down Syndrome Program.
  • Mixed-effects logistic regressions used to determine age-based probabilities for 25 developmental milestones, stratified by sex.

Main Results:

  • Presents age norms for key developmental milestones (academic, adaptive, language, motor) for individuals with Down syndrome.
  • Calculated ages for 75% probability of milestone achievement.
  • Compared established norms with those of the general population.

Conclusions:

  • Provides clinicians and families with essential age-based developmental milestone norms for Down syndrome.
  • Supports improved developmental screening and anticipatory guidance.
  • Aims to enhance care and support for children and adolescents with Down syndrome.