Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 13, 2025
Author Spotlight: Advancements in Multiplex Detection of Respiratory Viruses
Published on: November 10, 2023
More severe comorbidities, advanced age, and incomplete vaccination increase the risk of COVID-19 mortality
Lukita Pradhevi1,2, Gatot Soegiarto1,2, Laksmi Wulandari3,4
1Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia.
Insights
Severe comorbidities, older age, and incomplete COVID-19 vaccination significantly increase mortality risk. Conversely, vaccination reduces the risk of death from coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
Area of Science:
- Epidemiology
- Infectious Diseases
- Public Health
Background:
- Comorbidities are established risk factors for COVID-19 mortality.
- Few studies have investigated the impact of comorbidity severity or stage on COVID-19 outcomes.
Purpose of the Study:
- To determine the association between comorbidity severity, age, and COVID-19 vaccination status with COVID-19 mortality.
- To identify specific risk factors contributing to coronavirus disease 2019 mortality.
Main Methods:
- A case-control study involving 1,046 COVID-19 patients (450 non-survived, 596 survived) from July 2021 to December 2022.
- Inclusion criteria: adult patients with confirmed COVID-19 via RT-PCR.
- Multivariate analysis was used to assess the association of various factors with mortality.
Main Results:
- Older age, male sex, severe COVID-19, pneumonia, poorly controlled diabetes mellitus (DM), severe obesity, hypertension stages 2-3, CKD stages 3-5, and chronic lung disease were associated with increased COVID-19 mortality.
- Diabetes mellitus, chronic kidney disease, and hypertension were the most prevalent comorbidities.
- COVID-19 vaccination was associated with a reduced risk of death.
Conclusions:
- More severe comorbidities, advanced age, and incomplete vaccination are significant risk factors for COVID-19 mortality.
- Severity of conditions like diabetes, hypertension, and chronic kidney disease plays a crucial role in COVID-19 outcomes.
- COVID-19 vaccination demonstrates a protective effect against mortality.
Abstract:
Numerous studies have stated that comorbidities are risk factors for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) mortality, but few have considered the severity or stage of these comorbidities. The aim of this study was to determine the association between the severity of comorbidity, age, and number of COVID-19 vaccinations with COVID-19 mortality. This case-control study was conducted from July 2021 until December 2022 at the Dr. Soetomo General Academic Hospital, Surabaya, Indonesia. The patients were divided into non-survived patients (case group) and survived patients (control group). The inclusion criteria for cases were adult patients hospitalized with confirmed COVID-19, based on reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) testing of nasopharyngeal swabs. Using total sampling, 1,046 confirmed COVID-19 patients, which consisted of 450 (43%) non-survived patients and 596 (57%) survived patients, were included. The most common comorbidity was diabetes mellitus (DM) (82.7%), chronic kidney disease (CKD) (43%), hypertension (25.7%), and obesity (23.6%). Our multivariate analysis indicated that older age (aOR: 1.03; 95%CI: 1.02-1.04, p<0.001), male sex (aOR: 1.29; 95%CI: 1.11- 2.00, p=0.007), severe COVID-19 at first admission (aOR: 3.13; 95%CI: 2.08-4.73, p<0.001), having pneumonia (aOR: 1.99; 95%CI: 1.21-3.33, p=0.005), poorly controlled DM with HbA1c≥9% (aOR: 2.90; 95%CI: 1.72-4.89, p<0.001), severe obesity with body mass index (BMI)≥30 (OR: 2.90; 95%CI: 1.72-4.89, p<0.001), hypertension stage 2 (aOR: 1.99; 95%CI: 1.12-3.53, p=0.019) or stage 3 (aOR: 6.59; 95%CI: 2.39-18.17, p<0.001), CKD stage 3 (aOR: 2.50; 95%CI: 1.36-4.59, p=0.003), stage 4 (aOR: 5.47; 95%CI: 2.18-13.69, p<0.001) or stage 5 (aOR: 1.71; 95%CI: 1.04-2.81, p=0.036), and having chronic lung disease (aOR: 3.08; 95%CI: 1.22-7.77, p=0.017) significantly increased the risk of COVID-19 mortality. In contrast, COVID-19 vaccination reduced the risk of COVID-19-associated death. This study highlights that more severe comorbidities, advanced age, and incomplete vaccination were associated with COVID-19 mortality.
More Related Videos
12:21A Mouse Model for the Transition of Streptococcus pneumoniae from Colonizer to Pathogen upon Viral Co-Infection Recapitulates Age-Exacerbated Illness
Published on: September 28, 2022
05:53Measuring Frailty in HIV-infected Individuals. Identification of Frail Patients is the First Step to Amelioration and Reversal of Frailty
Published on: July 24, 2013
Related Concept Videos
01:26Factors Affecting the Risk of Infection
The integrity and count of the white blood cells help the body resist pathogens and fight infection. When impaired, it reduces the body's resistance to pathogens. The acidic pH levels of the gastrointestinal, genitourinary tracts, and skin...
01:30Pneumonia III: Complications and Assessment
01:20COPD: Pathogenesis and Clinical Features
The primary cause for the onset of COPD is cigarette smoking and exposure to air pollution. These hazardous factors initiate a chain reaction within the lungs, resulting in chronic inflammation, damage to the airways, and a...
01:18Factors Affecting Illness
For instance, risk factors are connected to illness,...
01:29Pulmonary Tuberculosis I
Causative Organism
The primary infectious agent causing tuberculosis is Mycobacterium tuberculosis, a slow-growing, acid-fast, aerobic rod that exhibits sensitivity to heat and ultraviolet light. Instances of Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium avium contributing to the development of TB infection are rare.
Mode of...
01:51Vaccinations