Comparison of a dual antibody and antigen HCV immunoassay to standard of care algorithmic testing

The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) guidelines for hepatitis C virus (HCV) testing, although effective, may miss crucial diagnostic opportunities. The goal of this study was to assess the utility of an antibody (Ab) and antigen (Ag) combination immunoassay as an alternative to traditional HCV screening. Remnant specimens from 1,341 patients with concurrent third-generation serologic (Roche anti-HCV-II) and nucleic acid amplification testing (NAAT) were assessed using the HCV Duo Ab/Ag immunoassay (Roche). Patient demographics, risk factors, and standard of care (SOC) laboratory results from the medical records were recorded. Overall, 99.0% (197/199) of the HCV Duo Ab+/Ag+specimens accurately identified active infections as confirmed by NAAT, and 99.9% (670/671) Ab-/Ag- samples corresponded to those without HCV infections. Individually, the HCV Duo Ab component demonstrated a 95.6% positive percent agreement (PPA) (95% CI = 93.8-96.9) and 99.1% negative percent agreement (NPA) (98.8-99.6) compared with SOC anti-HCV II Ab assay. The HCV Duo Ag had a 73.5% PPA (67.9-78.4) and 99.8% NPA (99.3-100) with NAAT. Among RNA+ specimens, 73.4% (197/267) were HCV Duo Ag+, and 265/267 (99.3%) were successfully detected on the HCV Duo Ab component. Notably, 5/7 (71.4%) Ab-/RNA +specimens were detected by HCV Duo, which would have been missed by traditional algorithmic testing. Fourth generation HCV Duo Ab/Ag assay demonstrated comparable performance to SOC testing and shortens the diagnostic window but does not eliminate the need for NAAT in all patients. Ab/Ag testing identified several Ab-/RNA+ cases, a subgroup often undiagnosed by current algorithmic testing, demonstrating promise for improved diagnostic efficiency and accuracy in HCV detection.IMPORTANCEThis study highlights the potential of a combined hepatitis C virus (HCV) Duo antibody (Ab) and antigen (Ag) immunoassay to improve early detection of HCV infections. Traditional Ab-only screening methods recommended by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention may miss early-stage infections. The HCV Duo assay showed high accuracy, detecting nearly all active infections confirmed by nucleic acid amplification testing. Dual detection of HCV Ab and Ag shortens the diagnostic window, enabling intervention and treatment in a single visit, which is crucial for improving patient outcomes and reducing HCV transmission, especially in areas with limited access to confirmatory molecular testing.