Phytochemical analysis and immune-modulatory potential of Trichaptum biforme polysaccharides: Implications for cancer

Cancer remains a major global health concern, often challenging traditional treatments. Natural compounds like fungal polysaccharides have gained attention for their immune-modulatory properties. This study evaluates the phytochemical properties of the n-hexane fraction of Trichaptum biforme and explores its immune-enhancing effects. The study involved isolating three sterol derivatives using column chromatography and purifying polysaccharides from T. biforme (TBP) through hot aqueous extraction. TBP content was quantified via the phenol‑sulfuric acid method, and antioxidant activity was assessed using DPPH and FRAP assays. Cytotoxicity of TBP on THP-1 cells and the impact on IL-1β and TNF-α secretion were evaluated through the XTT assay. Flow cytometry and ELISA assessed cytotoxic activity and IFN-γ secretion in NK cells. The compound 9, 11-Dehydroergosterol peroxide was identified for the first time in T. biforme. The total polysaccharide content was 78.18 ± 0.81 %. The TBP significantly increased IL-1β and TNF-α secretion from THP-1 cells at concentrations of 10 and 320 μg/mL (p < 0.01). Treatment of NK cells with the extract (320 μg/mL) and IL-2 (100 units/mL) significantly enhanced cytotoxic activity and IFN-γ secretion compared to the control group (p < 0.01). These findings suggest that TBP holds promise as a candidate for bolstering anticancer immune responses.