Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Autoimmune Disorders01:29

Autoimmune Disorders

396
Autoimmune diseases are a group of disorders in which the body's immune system mistakenly attacks its own cells, tissues, and organs. This results from an overactive immune response against substances and tissues normally present in the body. Let's delve into the concept and mechanism of autoimmune diseases from an immune system point of view, explore different causes and examples of such diseases, and discuss potential solutions.
Concept and Mechanism of Autoimmune Diseases
The immune...
396
The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes02:45

The Ratio of X Chromosome to Autosomes

8.5K
In most organisms, sex is determined by the ratio of X and Y chromosomes. However, in some organisms, such as Drosophila and C.elegans, sex is determined by the ratio of the number of X chromosomes to the number of sets of autosomes. The Y chromosome in Drosophila is active but does not determine sex. It contains genes responsible for the production of sperms in adult flies.  
Normal male Drosophila has a ratio of one X chromosome to two sets of autosomes. In contrast, normal female...
8.5K
X and Y Chromosomes02:32

X and Y Chromosomes

23.8K
Among mammals, the gender of an organism is determined by the sex chromosomes. Humans have two sex chromosomes, X and Y. Every human diploid cell has 22 pairs of autosomes and one pair of sex chromosomes. A human female has two X chromosomes, while a male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome.
The germline cells such as egg and sperm cells carry only half the number of chromosomes, i.e., 22 autosomes and one sex chromosome. All eggs have an X chromosome, while sperm cells can carry an X or...
23.8K
The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness02:19

The Y Chromosome Determines Maleness

6.5K
The Y chromosome is a sex chromosome found in several vertebrates and mammals, including humans. In addition to 22 pairs of autosomes, the human males have one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. In these organisms, the presence or absence of the Y chromosome determines the development of male traits.
Evolution
Around 300 million years ago, the two sex chromosomes diverged from two identical autosomal chromosomes. Over time, the Y chromosome has lost most of its genes, shrinking in size....
6.5K
What is the Immune System?01:38

What is the Immune System?

110.9K
Overview
110.9K
Dosage Compensation02:50

Dosage Compensation

6.1K
In animals, gender is determined by the number and type of sex chromosome. For example, human females have two X chromosomes, and males have one X and one Y chromosome, whereas C.elegans with one X chromosome is a male, and the one with two X chromosomes is a hermaphrodite.
In addition to sexual development, the X chromosome has genes involved in autosomal functions such as brain development and the immune system. Therefore, males and females with  distinct numbers of X chromosomes will...
6.1K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Sex differences in a mouse model of radiation-induced cardiotoxicity.

Research square·2026
Same author

Mast cell score associates with wide-spread mast cell symptoms and comorbidities in patients with hEDS and HSD.

medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences·2026
Same author

Induction of Murine Models of Autoimmune Myocarditis, Valvulitis, and Cardiomyopathy.

Current protocols·2026
Same author

Age-related symptom clustering in pediatric hypermobility spectrum disorders: a scoping review.

Orphanet journal of rare diseases·2026
Same author

Time-Critical Cardiovascular Risk After COVID-19: A Population-Based Analysis Across Variant Eras.

Mayo Clinic proceedings. Innovations, quality & outcomes·2026
Same author

How biological sex shapes differences in immune responses to infection.

Biology of sex differences·2026
Same journal

Extracellular matrix reprogramming by the YAP/TAZ- TGF-ß2 axis drives immune exclusion in cholangiocarcinoma models.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2026
Same journal

Tumor cell-derived extracellular vesicles foster the immunosuppressive landscape of pancreatic cancer.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2026
Same journal

Julie Zikherman receives the ASCI/Marian W. Ropes, MD, Award.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2026
Same journal

Targeted degradation of MDM2 overcomes feedback regulation of p53 signaling in Merkel cell carcinoma models.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2026
Same journal

SGLT2 inhibitors enhance ketogenesis by acting as allosteric activators of the mitochondrial enzyme HMGCS2.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2026
Same journal

MDM2 degraders for Merkel cell carcinoma: round peg in a round hole.

The Journal of clinical investigation·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice
05:44

Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice

Published on: October 13, 2023

1.3K

Mechanisms underlying sex differences in autoimmunity.

DeLisa Fairweather1,2,3, Danielle J Beetler1,2, Elizabeth J McCabe1

  • 1Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA.

The Journal of Clinical Investigation
|September 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Autoimmune diseases disproportionately affect women. This review explores key factors like sex hormones, X chromosome genes, and epigenetic effects contributing to female susceptibility to autoimmune conditions.

More Related Videos

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry
12:36

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry

Published on: June 26, 2018

9.4K
Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates
13:55

Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates

Published on: January 27, 2019

15.1K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2025

Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice
05:44

Author Spotlight: Creating a Versatile Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Model Relevant for Both Male and Female Mice

Published on: October 13, 2023

1.3K
Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry
12:36

Single-cell Analysis of Immunophenotype and Cytokine Production in Peripheral Whole Blood via Mass Cytometry

Published on: June 26, 2018

9.4K
Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates
13:55

Sexual Transmission of American Trypanosomes from Males and Females to Naive Mates

Published on: January 27, 2019

15.1K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Endocrinology
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Autoimmune diseases are a major global cause of disability.
  • These conditions predominantly affect women, particularly rheumatic autoimmune diseases.
  • Understanding sex-based differences is crucial for effective treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review current knowledge on mechanisms underlying sex differences in autoimmune diseases.
  • To consolidate findings from animal models and cell culture experiments.
  • To highlight factors contributing to increased autoimmune disease prevalence in females.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing literature on sex differences in autoimmune diseases.
  • Analysis of factors identified in animal models and cell culture.
  • Synthesis of evidence regarding hormonal, genetic, epigenetic, and microRNA influences.

Main Results:

  • Key factors include sex hormones, X-linked immune genes, and estrogen-mediated epigenetic effects.
  • MicroRNAs in extracellular vesicles regulate gene and mRNA expression.
  • Mitochondrial damage from viruses, drugs, or toxins may increase autoantibodies.

Conclusions:

  • Multiple biological factors contribute to higher autoimmune disease rates in women.
  • Further research into these sex-specific mechanisms is warranted.
  • This understanding can inform targeted therapeutic strategies for autoimmune conditions.