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Population differences in putty-nosed monkey (Cercopithecus nictitans) call order.

Frederic Gnepa Mehon1,2,3, Klaus Zuberbühler3,4,5, Claudia Stephan6,7,8,9,10

  • 1Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) - Congo Program, Brazzaville, Republic of Congo.

Primates; Journal of Primatology
|September 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Putty-nosed monkeys (Cercopithecus nictitans) demonstrate flexibility in call sequencing, varying call order based on threat type and population. This finding suggests non-human primates possess greater control over vocal communication than previously understood.

Keywords:
Alarm callsCall compositionsForest guenonsInformativity Principle

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Area of Science:

  • Primate communication
  • Animal behavior
  • Bioacoustics

Background:

  • Non-human primates have limited vocal learning abilities, necessitating alternative communication strategies.
  • Call sequencing in variable orders is a known mechanism for conveying information in animal species.
  • Putty-nosed monkeys (Cercopithecus nictitans) are known for meaningful call order, making them ideal for studying vocal flexibility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the flexibility of call assembly in putty-nosed monkeys across different populations.
  • To compare how males from different populations assemble calls in response to specific threats (leopards and crowned eagles).
  • To explore the implications of call sequencing control for linguistic theories in animal communication.

Main Methods:

  • Field studies were conducted on putty-nosed monkeys in three national parks: Gashaka Gumti (Nigeria), Nouabalé-Ndoki (Republic of the Congo), and Taï (Côte d'Ivoire).
  • Researchers recorded and analyzed male vocal responses to simulated leopard and crowned eagle threats.
  • Vocalizations were categorized into basic call types ('pyow', 'kek', 'hack') and their sequential assembly was examined.

Main Results:

  • All populations produced similar basic call types ('pyow', 'kek', 'hack').
  • Call assembly patterns differed significantly between populations and in response to different predators.
  • Nouabalé-Ndoki males uniquely initiated crowned eagle alarm calls with 'pyows', unlike males from Taï and Gashaka.

Conclusions:

  • Putty-nosed monkeys exhibit control over vocal sequence production, challenging previous assumptions about primate vocal limitations.
  • Population-specific differences in call sequencing may be influenced by factors like predation pressure and social competition.
  • Findings contribute to understanding the evolution of complex communication and support theories like the Urgency and Informativity Principles in animal vocalizations.