Iron homeostasis and insulin sensitivity: unraveling the complex interactions

Diabetes has arisen as a noteworthy global health issue, marked by escalating incidence and mortality rates. Insulin, crucial for preserving euglycemia, acts as a vital energy provider for various tissues. Iron metabolism notably plays a significant role in the development of insulin resistance, a key factor in the onset of various metabolic disorders. The intricate interaction between iron and insulin signaling encompasses complex regulatory mechanisms at the molecular level, thereby impacting cellular reactions to insulin. The intricate interplay between insulin and glucagon, essential for precise regulation of hepatic glucose production and systemic glucose levels, may be influenced by certain microelements for instance zinc, copper, iron, boron, calcium, cobalt, chromium, iodine, magnesium and selenium. While significant progress has been achieved in elucidating the pathophysiological connections between iron overload and glucose metabolism, our understanding of the involvement of the Fenton reaction and oxidative stress in insulin resistance influencing many chronical conditions remains limited. Furthermore, the exploration of the multifaceted roles of insulin in the human body continues to be a subject of active investigation by numerous scientific researchers. This review comprehensively outlines the potential adverse impact of iron overload on insulin function and glucose metabolism. Additionally, we provide a synthesis of findings derived from various research domains, encompassing population studies, animal models, and clinical investigations, to scrutinize the multifaceted relationship between iron and insulin sensitivity. Moreover, we delineate instances of correlations between serum iron levels and various medical conditions, including the diabetes also gestational diabetes and obesity.