Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Signal Transduction: Overview01:26

Signal Transduction: Overview

8.3K
Cells respond to many types of information, often through receptor proteins positioned on the membrane. They respond to chemical signals, such as hormones, neurotransmitters, and other signaling molecules, initiating a series of molecular reactions to produce an appropriate response. This is called signal transduction. Cells also coordinate different responses elicited by the same signaling molecule via mediators, allowing molecular cross-talk.
Typically, signal transduction involves three...
8.3K
TGF - β Signaling Pathway01:16

TGF - β Signaling Pathway

7.3K
The TGF-β signaling pathway regulates cell growth, differentiation, adhesion, motility, and development. TGF-β ligands that induce TGF-β signaling are synthesized in their latent form. Several proteases or cell surface receptors such as integrins act upon the latent form, releasing the active ligand. There are three types of mammalian TGF-βs: (TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3) that bind as homodimers or heterodimers to TGF-β receptors. The TGF-β receptors...
7.3K
Receptor Tyrosine Kinases01:26

Receptor Tyrosine Kinases

12.5K
Receptor tyrosine kinases or RTKs are membrane-bound receptors that phosphorylate specific tyrosine on protein substrates. RTKs regulate cellular growth, differentiation, survival, and migration. They contain an extracellular ligand binding domain, a transmembrane domain, and a cytosolic tail with intrinsic kinase activity. Several extracellular signaling molecules activate RTKs in one or more ways and relay the signal downstream. Ligands such as platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or...
12.5K
Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers01:15

Amplifying Signals via Second Messengers

6.8K
Many receptor binding ligands are hydrophilic; they do not cross the cell membrane but bind to cell-surface receptors. Thus, their message must be relayed by second messengers present in the cell cytoplasm. There are several second messenger pathways, each with its own way of relaying information. For example, the G protein-coupled receptors can activate both phosphoinositol and cyclic AMP (cAMP) second messenger pathways. The phosphoinositol pathway is active when the receptor induces...
6.8K
Cell Signaling in Plants01:25

Cell Signaling in Plants

5.6K
Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...
5.6K
Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

Interactions Between Signaling Pathways

6.2K
Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
Convergence and divergence, and cross-talk between signaling pathways
Two distinct signaling pathways can converge on a single functional unit, which may either be a single protein or a complex of proteins. The response is either functionally distinct or synergistic between the two pathways but different from the response...
6.2K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Pyroptosis across species and its potential impact on host defense against zoonotic pathogens.

Cell chemical biology·2026
Same author

An inherited mitochondrial DNA mutation remodels inflammatory cytokine responses in macrophages and in vivo in mice.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

The Salmonella pathogenicity island 1 injectisome reprograms host cell translation to evade the inflammatory response.

Nature communications·2025
Same author

Gut microbiota-derived hexa-acylated lipopolysaccharides enhance cancer immunotherapy responses.

Nature microbiology·2025
Same author

Role of inflammasomes in acute respiratory distress syndrome.

Thorax·2025
Same author

A programmable and automated optical electrowetting-on-dielectric (oEWOD) driven platform for massively parallel and sequential processing of single cell assay operations.

Lab on a chip·2024
Same journal

A blind spot of human T cell immunology: epitope specificity in secondary lymphoid organs.

Current opinion in immunology·2026
Same journal

Germinal center responses at barrier organ sites.

Current opinion in immunology·2026
Same journal

Ocular sarcoidosis: from clinical signs to targeted interventions.

Current opinion in immunology·2026
Same journal

On or within: spatial determinants of antigen handling in the nasal turbinates.

Current opinion in immunology·2026
Same journal

Decoding the complexity of intestinal immunity with spatial transcriptomics.

Current opinion in immunology·2026
Same journal

Reconsidering the immunological aspects of solid-phase assays for antiphospholipid antibodies detection.

Current opinion in immunology·2026
See all related articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
09:51

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

12.4K

Rethinking Toll-like receptor signalling.

Clare E Bryant1

  • 1Department of Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0PY, UK; Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ES, UK.

Current Opinion in Immunology
|September 17, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), including Toll-like receptors (TLRs), signal via protein platforms. Emerging research indicates current assumptions about PRR signalling mechanisms, crucial for drug development, may need re-evaluation.

More Related Videos

A Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay to Examine Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated NF-kB/AP-1 Signaling on Adsorbed Protein Layers on Polymeric Surfaces
07:55

A Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay to Examine Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated NF-kB/AP-1 Signaling on Adsorbed Protein Layers on Polymeric Surfaces

Published on: January 7, 2020

7.4K
Detection of Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation
09:04

Detection of Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation

Published on: September 7, 2010

11.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling
09:51

Screening Bioactive Nanoparticles in Phagocytic Immune Cells for Inhibitors of Toll-like Receptor Signaling

Published on: July 26, 2017

12.4K
A Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay to Examine Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated NF-kB/AP-1 Signaling on Adsorbed Protein Layers on Polymeric Surfaces
07:55

A Macrophage Reporter Cell Assay to Examine Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated NF-kB/AP-1 Signaling on Adsorbed Protein Layers on Polymeric Surfaces

Published on: January 7, 2020

7.4K
Detection of Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation
09:04

Detection of Neu1 Sialidase Activity in Regulating TOLL-like Receptor Activation

Published on: September 7, 2010

11.6K

Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Molecular Biology
  • Cell Biology

Background:

  • Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs), such as Toll-like receptors (TLRs), are critical for innate immunity.
  • PRRs recognize molecular patterns and initiate signaling cascades, often through protein complex formation.
  • Supramolecular Organizing Centres (SMOCs) are key structures in PRR-mediated signaling.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and critically assess current assumptions regarding PRR and TLR signaling mechanisms.
  • To highlight the importance of understanding these mechanisms for therapeutic drug development.
  • To emphasize the need for re-evaluation of established signaling models based on recent findings.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of studies on PRR and TLR signaling.
  • Analysis of experimental data supporting the SMOC model.
  • Synthesis of recent research challenging existing paradigms.

Main Results:

  • Established models of PRR/TLR signaling, particularly those involving SMOCs, are based on decades of research.
  • Recent findings suggest that some long-held assumptions about how these receptors signal may be inaccurate.
  • The precise mechanisms of ligand recognition and downstream signaling require further investigation.

Conclusions:

  • Current understanding of PRR and TLR signaling, while advanced, requires critical reassessment.
  • Revisiting these signaling pathways is essential given their role as therapeutic targets.
  • Further research is needed to refine models of PRR function and signaling.