Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

Multipotency of Hematopoietic Stem Cells

The hematopoietic stem cells or HSCs are multipotent, meaning they can differentiate and give rise to all blood and immune cells. HSCs are maintained in the quiescent stage until an external stimulus initiates their differentiation. The multipotent HSCs exist as two heterogeneous populations, long-term repopulating cells (LTRC) and short-term repopulating cells (STRC). The two HSC populations have different surface markers or receptors and are classified based on quiescence and long-term...

Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell

Multipotency and Niche of Bulge Stem Cell

A hair follicle or HF is a small part of the skin that produces the hair shaft. Paul Gerson Unna was the first to observe a bulge in the human hair follicle's outer root sheath (ORS). The bulge is present between the sebaceous gland and the arrector pili muscle and is the niche for hair follicle stem cells (HFSCs). The bulge is also a niche for melanocyte stem cells, and their loss results in graying of hair. The HFSCs express Sox9 and Lhx2, which help them maintain stemness and prevent...

Hierarchy of Motor Control

Hierarchy of Motor Control

The hierarchy of motor control refers to the different levels of organization and processing involved in controlling movement in the body. These levels range from higher cortical areas involved in planning and decision-making to lower spinal cord reflexes that respond automatically to external stimuli.

Motor Units

Motor Units

The motor unit is a fundamental component of the neuromuscular system and plays a crucial role in coordinating muscle contractions. It consists of a somatic motor neuron, which connects and controls multiple skeletal muscle fibers, forming a single functional segment. The axon of the motor neuron branches out and establishes synaptic connections known as neuromuscular junctions with individual muscle fibers within the motor unit.
Motor units come in different sizes, with smaller units...

Cellular Differentiation

Cellular Differentiation

How does a complex organism such as a human develop from a single cell? It all starts from a single fertilized egg which gives rise to a vast array of cell types, such as nerve cells, muscle cells, and epithelial cells that characterize the adult? Throughout development and adulthood, cellular differentiation leads cells to assume their final morphology and physiology. Differentiation is the process by which unspecialized cells become specialized to carry out distinct functions.
A zygote is a...

Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

Differentiation of Common Myeloid Progenitor Cells

Common myeloid progenitors (CMPs) are oligopotent cells that can differentiate into granulocytes and macrophages. Granulocytes and macrophages are essential for protecting the body against bacterial, viral, or fungal infections. They migrate from the bone marrow into the circulating blood to reach specific tissue sites where they differentiate and help in immune surveillance. However, they survive only for a few days and must be continuously made available to the organism to maintain a robust...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

A cholinergic spinal pathway for the adaptive control of breathing.

Cell reports·2025

Same author

A sustained Hox program delineates brainstem neurons essential for breathing.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

A cholinergic spinal pathway for the adaptive control of breathing.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

Loss of Hoxa5 function affects Hox gene expression in different biological contexts.

Scientific reports·2024

Same author

Molecular and Cellular Mechanisms of Motor Circuit Development.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience·2024

Same author

Multimodal Hox5 activity generates motor neuron diversity.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2024

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Efficient Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Motor Neurons

Efficient Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Motor Neurons

Published on: June 9, 2012

Multimodal Hox5 activity generates motor neuron diversity.

Ritesh Kc¹, Raquel López de Boer¹, Minshan Lin¹

¹Department of Neurosciences, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.

Communications Biology

|September 17, 2024

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Hox proteins like Hoxa5 establish motor neuron (MN) diversity by altering chromatin and interacting with transcription factors. This research reveals how Hoxa5 induces and maintains specific MN identities, crucial for behaviors like breathing and movement.

More Related Videos

Chicken Embryo Spinal Cord Slice Culture Protocol

Chicken Embryo Spinal Cord Slice Culture Protocol

Published on: March 25, 2013

Mouse Hindbrain Ex Vivo Culture to Study Facial Branchiomotor Neuron Migration

Mouse Hindbrain Ex Vivo Culture to Study Facial Branchiomotor Neuron Migration

Published on: March 18, 2014

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Efficient Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Motor Neurons

Efficient Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Motor Neurons

Published on: June 9, 2012

Chicken Embryo Spinal Cord Slice Culture Protocol

Chicken Embryo Spinal Cord Slice Culture Protocol

Published on: March 25, 2013

Mouse Hindbrain Ex Vivo Culture to Study Facial Branchiomotor Neuron Migration

Mouse Hindbrain Ex Vivo Culture to Study Facial Branchiomotor Neuron Migration

Published on: March 18, 2014

Area of Science:

Developmental biology
Neuroscience
Genetics

Background:

Motor neurons (MNs) control essential behaviors, and Hox proteins generate MN diversity.
Mechanisms by which Hox paralogs specify distinct MN subtypes are not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

Investigate the role of Hoxa5 in specifying motor neuron subtype identity.
Elucidate the transcriptional mechanisms underlying Hoxa5-mediated MN differentiation.

Main Methods:

Chromatin accessibility assays in mouse spinal cervical MNs.
Co-immunoprecipitation to identify protein interactions.
Gene expression analysis and heterologous expression studies.

Main Results:

Hoxa5 modifies chromatin accessibility and binds subtype-specific genes via TALE co-factors.
Hoxa5 interacts with the phrenic MN-specific factor Scip.
Co-expression of Hoxa5 and Scip suppresses limb MN identity; phrenic MN identity is maintained post-Hoxa5 downregulation, with Klf proteins implicated.

Conclusions:

Hoxa5 employs multiple mechanisms, including chromatin modification and specific transcription factor interactions, to induce and maintain MN identity.
This study identifies novel roles for Hoxa5 and Scip in phrenic MN specification and maintenance.