Latest progress and challenges associated with lithium-ion semi-solid flow batteries: a critical review

Since the proposal of the concept of semi-solid flow batteries (SSFBs), SSFBs have gained increased attention as an alternative for large-scale energy storage applications. As a new type of high energy density flow battery system, lithium-ion semi-solid flow batteries (Li-SSFBs) combine the features of both flow batteries and lithium-ion batteries and show the advantages of decoupling power and capacity. Moreover, Li-SSFBs typically can achieve much higher energy density while maintaining a lower cost. Therefore, Li-SSFBs are some of the most promising technologies for future energy storage. Despite these advantages, a significant gap towards the commercialization of Li-SSFBs still exists. In this article, we have reviewed the research progress of Li-SSFBs in aqueous and non-aqueous systems in recent years. We have further discussed the future research trends and application prospects of Li-SSFBs, providing guidelines for future research in this area.