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Taste and odor interactions after metabolic surgery.

Jessica G Nicanor-Carreón1, Blair Rowitz1,2,3, Marta Yanina Pepino1,2,4

  • 1Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, United States.

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|September 18, 2024
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Summary

Patients often report taste changes after metabolic surgery, but this study found no difference in taste intensity. However, smell perception was altered in post-surgery groups, suggesting flavor, not taste, may be affected.

Keywords:
bariatric surgeryflavorgustationolfactionretronasalsleeve gastrectomy

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Area of Science:

  • Sensory Science
  • Bariatric Surgery Outcomes
  • Gastroenterology

Background:

  • Patients frequently report altered taste perception post-metabolic surgery.
  • Previous studies using validated methods found no objective changes in taste intensity.
  • Self-reported taste changes may involve conflation with smell/flavor or be condition-dependent (fed vs. fasted).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate whether self-reported taste changes after metabolic surgery are due to altered taste, smell (flavor), or are condition-dependent.
  • To compare sensory perception (taste, smell, flavor) in women post-metabolic surgery versus non-operated controls with equivalent and healthy body mass index (BMI).
  • To determine if sensory perception differs between fasted and fed states.

Main Methods:

  • Cross-sectional study comparing three groups of women: post-metabolic surgery (n=15), non-operated BMI-equivalent controls (n=15), and healthy BMI controls (n=15).
  • Two sessions per participant: one fasted, one fed.
  • Sensory evaluation using sip-and-spit liquid samples (gustatory and olfactory stimuli) and fat-content puddings, with and without nose clips, assessing taste, smell, flavor, and liking intensity via General Labeled Magnitude Scales.

Main Results:

  • The post-metabolic surgery and BMI-equivalent groups reported stronger retronasal smell intensity for coffee compared to the healthy BMI group.
  • No significant differences were found in taste intensity, flavor intensity, or liking ratings among the groups.
  • Feeding condition (fasted vs. fed) did not significantly impact perceived intensity ratings.

Conclusions:

  • Objective taste intensity and flavor perception do not appear to be significantly altered after metabolic surgery.
  • Increased smell perception in post-surgery and BMI-equivalent groups suggests potential alterations in flavor perception, not taste itself.
  • Sensory-discriminatory taste changes or taste-odor interactions are unlikely to be primary drivers of dietary modifications following metabolic surgery.