Segregation by Payer in Obstetrics and Gynecology Residency Ambulatory Care Sites

Many teaching hospitals in the US segregate patients by insurance status, with resident clinics primarily composed of publicly insured or uninsured patients and faculty practices seeing privately insured patients. The prevalence of this model in obstetrics and gynecology residencies is unknown.

To examine the prevalence of payer-based segregation in obstetrics and gynecology residency ambulatory care sites nationally and to compare residents' and program directors' perceptions of differences in quality of care between payer-segregated and integrated sites.

This national survey study included all 6060 obstetrics and gynecology residents and 293 obstetrics and gynecology residency program directors in the US as of January 2023. The proportion of program directors reporting payer segregation was calculated to characterize the national prevalence of this model in obstetrics and gynecology. Perceived differences in care quality were compared between residents and program directors at payer-segregated sites.

The primary measure was prevalence of payer-based segregation in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs in the US as reported by residency program directors. The secondary measure was resident and program director perceptions of care quality in these ambulatory care settings. Before study initiation, the study hypothesis was that residents and program directors at ambulatory sites with payer-based segregation would report more disparity in perceived health care quality between resident and faculty practices compared with those from integrated sites.

A total of 251 residency program directors (response rate, 85.7%) and 3471 residents (response rate, 57.3%) were included in the study. Resident respondent demographics reflected demographics of obstetrics and gynecology residents nationally in terms of racial and ethnic distribution (6 [0.2%] American Indian or Alaska Native; 425 [13.0%] Asian; 239 [7.3%] Black or African American; 290 [8.9%] Hispanic, Latinx, or Spanish; 7 [0.2%] Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; 2052 [62.7%] non-Hispanic White; 49 [1.5%] multiracial; 56 [1.7%] other [any race not listed]; and 137 [4.2%] preferred not to say) and geographic distribution (regional prevalence of payer-based segregation: 36 of 53 [67.9%] in the Northeast, 35 of 44 [79.5%] in the Midwest, 43 of 67 [64.2%] in the South, and 13 of 22 [59.1%] in the West), with 2837 respondents (86.9%) identifying as female. Among program directors, 127 (68.3%) reported payer-based segregation in ambulatory care. University programs were more likely to report payer-based segregation compared with community, hybrid, and military programs (63 of 85 [74.1%] vs 31 of 46 [67.4%], 32 of 51 [62.7%], and 0, respectively; P = .04). Residents at payer-segregated programs were less likely than their counterparts at integrated programs to report equal or higher care quality from residents compared with faculty (1662 [68.7%] vs 692 [81.6%] at segregated and integrated programs, respectively; P < .001).

In this survey study of residents and residency program directors, payer-based segregation was prevalent in obstetrics and gynecology residency programs, particularly at university programs. These findings reveal an opportunity for structural reform to promote more equitable care in residency training programs.