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Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...
Reproductive Cloning01:27

Reproductive Cloning

Reproductive cloning is the process of producing a genetically identical copy—a clone—of an entire organism. While clones can be produced by splitting an early embryo—similar to what happens naturally with identical twins—cloning of adult animals is usually done by a process called somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT).
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
In SCNT, an egg cell is taken from an animal and its nucleus is removed, creating an enucleated egg. Then a somatic cell—any cell that is not a sex...
Transgenic Plants02:50

Transgenic Plants

Recombinant DNA technology called transgenesis is often used to add a foreign gene or remove a detrimental gene from an organism. Such genetically modified organisms are called transgenic organisms.
The first-ever transgenic plant was a tobacco plant developed in 1983 that showed resistance against the tobacco mosaic virus. Since then, many transgenic plants have been developed and commercialized for improving the agricultural, ornamental, and horticultural value of a crop plant. Transgenic...
Cloning of Dolly the Sheep01:08

Cloning of Dolly the Sheep

The first successfully cloned mammal was Dolly, a sheep, born on 5th July 1996 at Roslin Institute, Scotland. The cloned sheep was named after the American singer Dolly Parton. Dolly lived for seven years and died of respiratory complications, which is speculated to be due to the actual age of her DNA. Because the DNA in cloned cells belongs to an older individual,  the cloned individual’s life expectancy may be affected. Indeed, analysis of Dolly’s DNA revealed shorter telomeres than other...
Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit01:20

Design Example: Capacitance Multiplier Circuit

In integrated circuit technology, a capacitance multiplier is often utilized to produce a larger capacitance value when a small physical capacitance falls short. This is achieved by a circuit that multiplies capacitance values by a factor of up to 1000, such that a 10-pF capacitor can replicate the performance of a 100-nF capacitor.
The circuit illustrated in Figure 1 below incorporates two op-amps, with the first operating as a voltage follower and the second acting as an inverting amplifier.
Clamper Circuit01:14

Clamper Circuit

A clamper circuit, also known as a DC restorer, represents a specialized variant of the rectifier circuit, notable for its method of taking the output across the diode rather than the capacitor. This configuration lends to several distinctive applications, particularly in handling square wave inputs.
Within this circuit, the diode's orientation prompts the capacitor to charge up to the level of the most negative peak of the input signal. Upon reaching this state, the diode ceases to conduct,...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 10, 2026

Genetic Modification of Cyanobacteria by Conjugation Using the CyanoGate Modular Cloning Toolkit
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Genetic Modification of Cyanobacteria by Conjugation Using the CyanoGate Modular Cloning Toolkit

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MultiGreen: A multiplexing architecture for GreenGate cloning.

Vincent J Pennetti1, Peter R LaFayette2, Wayne Allen Parrott1,2,3

  • 1Institute of Plant Breeding, Genetics and Genomics, University of Georgia, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United States of America.

Plos One
|September 18, 2024
PubMed
Summary

MultiGreen expands the GreenGate system for plant genetic engineering, enabling efficient assembly of multiple transcriptional units. This novel cloning strategy accelerates the design and prototyping of complex plant transformation vectors.

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Area of Science:

  • Plant biotechnology
  • Molecular biology
  • Synthetic biology

Background:

  • Modular cloning systems like GreenGate simplify plant vector design.
  • GreenGate's limitation is its inability to efficiently assemble multiple transcriptional units.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To introduce MultiGreen, an expansion of the GreenGate system.
  • To overcome GreenGate's limitations in assembling multiple transcriptional units in series and parallel.

Main Methods:

  • Developed MultiGreen with level 1 acceptor vectors for intermediate assembly.
  • Utilized a mathematical model for assembly time: 2*⌈log6n⌉+3 days.
  • Validated MultiGreen using bacterial operon assembly and RUBY reporter deconstruction.

Main Results:

  • MultiGreen efficiently concatenates multiple transcriptional units.
  • Achieved rapid prototyping with direct use of binary MultiGreen level 1 vectors.
  • Demonstrated successful assembly of complex plasmids with multiple transcriptional units.

Conclusions:

  • MultiGreen is a versatile tool for complex cloning projects in plant transformation.
  • It maintains GreenGate's syntax while enabling multiplexing.
  • Accelerates the design and validation of multi-transcriptional unit plant vectors.