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Related Concept Videos

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes00:46

Genomic DNA in Prokaryotes

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The genome of most prokaryotic organisms consists of double-stranded DNA organized into one circular chromosome in a region of cytoplasm called the nucleoid. The chromosome is tightly wound, or supercoiled, for efficient storage. Prokaryotes also contain other circular pieces of DNA called plasmids. These plasmids are smaller than the chromosome and often carry genes that confer adaptive functions, such as antibiotic resistance.
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Receptor-mediated Endocytosis01:20

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Receptor-mediated endocytosis is when bulk amounts of specific molecules are imported into a cell after binding to cell surface receptors. The molecules bound to these receptors are taken into the cell through inward folding of the cell surface membrane, which is eventually pinched off into a vesicle within the cell. Structural proteins, such as clathrin, coat the budding vesicle.
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LTR Retrotransposons03:08

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LTR retrotransposons are class I transposable elements with long terminal repeats flanking an internal coding region. These elements are less abundant in mammals compared to other class I transposable elements. About 8 percent of human genomic DNA comprises LTR retrotransposons. Some of the common examples of LTR retrotransposons are Ty elements in yeast and Copia elements in Drosophila.
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Lysogenic Cycle of Bacteriophages00:43

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In contrast to the lytic cycle, phages infecting bacteria via the lysogenic cycle do not immediately kill their host cell. Instead, they combine their genome with the host genome, allowing the bacteria to replicate the phage DNA along with the bacterial genome. The incorporated copy of the phage genome is called the prophage. Some prophages can re-activate and enter the lytic cycle. This often occurs in response to a perturbation, such as DNA damage, but can also transpire in the absence of...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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DNA-only Transposons02:57

DNA-only Transposons

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DNA-only transposons are called autonomous transposons since they code for the enzyme transposase that is required for the transposition mechanism. Insertion of transposons can alter gene functions in multiple ways. They can mutate the gene, alter gene expression by introducing a novel promoter or insulator sequence, introduce new splice sites, and change the mRNA transcripts produced, or remodel chromatin structure.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Screening Foodstuffs for Class 1 Integrons and Gene Cassettes
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Toxin-linked mobile genetic elements in major enteric bacterial pathogens.

Shruti Panwar1, Shashi Kumari1, Jyoti Verma1

  • 1Functional Genomics Laboratory, Infection and Immunology Division, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India.

Gut Microbiome (Cambridge, England)
|September 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Human gut microbes perform vital functions impacting health and disease. Understanding how these microbes and their genes, especially mobile genetic elements, spread is crucial for public health.

Keywords:
Mobile genetic elementsdrug resistancehorizontal gene transfermicrobiomepathogenstoxins

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Area of Science:

  • Microbiology
  • Genomics
  • Human Microbiome Research

Background:

  • The human gut microbiome encodes millions of functions impacting metabolism, immunity, and drug efficacy.
  • Microbial functions are dynamic and can be transferred between bacteria via horizontal gene transfer.
  • Understanding microbial virulence and drug resistance is critical for clinical practice.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the functions of gut commensals.
  • To explore the dynamics and interactions between commensal and pathogenic gut bacteria.
  • To summarize mobile genetic elements (MGEs) linked with virulence genes in enteric pathogens.

Main Methods:

  • Multi-omics technologies enable functional analysis of uncultivated microbes.
  • Review of existing literature on gut microbiome functions and gene transfer.
  • Analysis of mobile genetic elements associated with virulence in enteric pathogens.

Main Results:

  • Gut microbes significantly influence host metabolism, immunity, and response to therapies.
  • Horizontal gene transfer facilitates the dissemination of microbial functions, including virulence and drug resistance.
  • Mobile genetic elements are frequently associated with virulence genes in enteric pathogens, enabling their transmission.

Conclusions:

  • The human gut microbiome plays a pivotal role in host health and disease.
  • The transmission of virulence and drug resistance genes via MGEs poses a significant public health challenge.
  • Further research into microbiome dynamics and gene transfer is essential for developing targeted interventions.