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Spindle assembly occurs through three, often coexisting, pathways – the centrosome-mediated pathway, the chromatin-mediated pathway, and the microtubule-mediated pathway – collectively contributing to form a robust spindle apparatus.
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The mitotic spindle—or spindle apparatus—is a eukaryotic, cytoskeletal structure made up of long protein fibers called microtubules. Formed during cell division, the spindle separates sister chromatids and moves them to opposite ends of a parental cell, where the now individual chromosomes are distributed to two daughter cell nuclei.
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The spindle assembly checkpoint is a molecular surveillance mechanism ensuring the fidelity of chromosome segregation during anaphase. The checkpoint monitors the completion of all the prerequisite steps before chromosome segregation to determine whether the segregation process should proceed or be delayed.
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During mitosis, chromosome movements occur through the interplay of multiple piconewton level forces. In prometaphase, these forces help in chromosome assembly or congression at the equatorial plane, eventually leading to their alignment at the metaphase plate. The forces acting on the chromosomes are space and time-dependent; therefore, they vary with the position of the chromosomes as the cell progresses through mitosis. 
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Reconstitution of Basic Mitotic Spindles in Spherical Emulsion Droplets
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Bud14 function is crucial for spindle pole body size maintenance.

Sevilay Münire Girgin1, Ayşe Koca Çaydaşi1

  • 1Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Collage of Sciences, Koç University, İstanbul, Turkiye.

Turkish Journal of Biology = Turk Biyoloji Dergisi
|September 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Bud14 is crucial for maintaining spindle pole body (SPB) size in yeast. Its interaction with Glc7, not Kelch proteins, restricts Spc110 levels, ensuring proper SPB size regulation.

Keywords:
Bud14Glc7Protein Phosphatase 1Spc110Spindle pole bodycentrosome

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Area of Science:

  • Cell biology
  • Molecular and structural biology
  • Yeast genetics

Background:

  • Spindle pole bodies (SPBs) are yeast centrosome equivalents essential for cell division.
  • SPB duplication and size regulation mechanisms are not fully understood.
  • Bud14's role in SPB size maintenance is investigated.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the function of Bud14 in regulating SPB size in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
  • To determine how Bud14 influences the levels of SPB structural proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Quantitative fluorescence microscopy was used to measure SPB protein levels.
  • Wildtype and bud14Δ yeast strains were analyzed.
  • Cell cycle progression and arrest were monitored using various inhibitors and synchronization methods.

Main Results:

  • bud14Δ cells exhibited increased SPB protein levels (inner, outer, central plaque) during anaphase and M-phase arrest.
  • Bud14's interaction with Protein Phosphatase 1 (Glc7) was critical for restricting Spc110 levels.
  • Absence of Bud14-Glc7 interaction led to increased Spc110 at SPBs during early cell cycle stages.

Conclusions:

  • Bud14 is essential for SPB size maintenance in yeast.
  • Bud14's interaction with Glc7, but not Kelch proteins, is indispensable for regulating Spc110 incorporation into SPBs.