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Related Concept Videos

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects01:10

Radical Reactivity: Steric Effects

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The presence of electron-donating, electron-withdrawing, or conjugating groups adjacent to a radical center, imparts electronic stabilization to the radicals. Examples of such electronically-stabilized radicals are triphenylmethyl, tetramethylpiperidine‐N‐oxide, and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl. These radicals are remarkably stable and are known as persistent radicals. Some of the persistent radicals can even be isolated and purified.
Along with electronic...
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Radical Reactivity: Overview01:11

Radical Reactivity: Overview

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Radicals, the highly reactive species, gain stability by undergoing three different reactions. The first reaction involves a radical-radical coupling, in which a radical combines with another radical, forming a spin‐paired molecule. The second reaction is between a radical and a spin‐paired molecule, generating a new radical and a new spin‐paired molecule. The third reaction is radical decomposition in a unimolecular reaction, forming a new radical and a spin‐paired...
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Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals01:16

Radical Reactivity: Nucleophilic Radicals

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Radicals adjacent to electron-donating groups are called nucleophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with electrophilic alkenes. The SOMO–LUMO interactions are the driving force for the reaction, where the high-energy SOMO of the electron-rich, nucleophilic radicals interacts with the low-energy LUMO of the electron-deficient, electrophilic alkenes. Such SOMO–LUMO interactions are the basis of reactive radical traps, affecting the selectivity in radical reactions. For...
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Radical Formation: Elimination00:51

Radical Formation: Elimination

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Another method of radical formation is the elimination process. It is the opposite of the addition route and is driven by the instability of the radical. For example, as depicted in Figure 1, dibenzoyl peroxide yields a pair of unstable radicals upon homolysis. Given its instability, this radical spontaneously undergoes elimination via a C–C bond cleavage to form a relatively more stable phenyl radical. The mechanism involves cleavage of the bond between the α and β positions...
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Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals01:02

Radical Reactivity: Electrophilic Radicals

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Radicals adjacent to electron‐withdrawing groups are called electrophilic radicals. These radicals readily react with nucleophilic alkenes. For example, the malonate radical, in which the radical center is flanked by two electron‐withdrawing groups, reacts readily with butyl vinyl ether, which consists of an electron‐donating oxygen substituent. The reaction between electrophilic malonate radical and nucleophilic vinyl ether is favored because the radical has a...
1.9K
Radical Formation: Overview01:03

Radical Formation: Overview

2.1K
A bond can be broken either by heterolytic bond cleavage to form ions or homolytic bond cleavage to yield radicals. A fishhook arrow is used to represent the motion of a single electron in homolytic bond cleavage. There are two main sources from which radicals can be formed:
Radicals from spin-paired molecules:
Radicals can be obtained from spin-paired molecules either by homolysis or electron transfer. While two radicals are formed in the former, an electron is added in the...
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Developing non-radioactive, radical methods to screen for radiolytic stability.

Brandon G Wackerle1, Madison R Vicente1, Fatema Tuz Zohara1

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A new, non-radioactive radical assay offers a faster, cheaper alternative to gamma radiolysis for studying radiation effects. This method accurately predicts material stability and decomposition products, proving useful for screening radiolytic stability.

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Area of Science:

  • Chemistry
  • Materials Science
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Radiolytically generated radicals can degrade essential nutrients, materials, and impact human health.
  • Current methods like gamma radiolysis are costly, slow, and inaccessible.
  • There is a need for efficient methods to study radiation-induced degradation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a high-throughput, low-cost, non-radioactive radical assay.
  • To mimic radicals generated during gamma radiolysis.
  • To assess the assay's efficacy in predicting radiolytic stability using monoamide degradation.

Main Methods:

  • Development of a novel, non-radioactive radical generation assay.
  • Comparison of radical assay results with traditional gamma irradiation.
  • Analysis of monoamide stability and decomposition products under both conditions.

Main Results:

  • The developed radical assay produces radicals comparable to gamma radiolysis.
  • Results from the radical assay closely matched gamma irradiation findings for monoamide stability.
  • Decomposition products observed in the radical assay were consistent with those from gamma irradiation.

Conclusions:

  • The novel radical assay serves as a viable proof-of-concept screening tool.
  • This method offers a more accessible and efficient approach to studying radiolytic stability.
  • The assay can predict degradation patterns, aiding in material and nutrient protection research.