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Related Concept Videos

Ions as Acids and Bases02:54

Ions as Acids and Bases

Salts with Acidic Ions
Salts are ionic compounds composed of cations and anions, either of which may be capable of undergoing an acid or base ionization reaction with water. Aqueous salt solutions, therefore, may be acidic, basic, or neutral, depending on the relative acid-base strengths of the salt’s constituent ions. For example, dissolving the ammonium chloride in water results in its dissociation, as described by the equation:
Buffers02:56

Buffers

A solution containing appreciable amounts of a weak conjugate acid-base pair is called a buffer solution, or a buffer. Buffer solutions resist a change in pH when small amounts of a strong acid or a strong base are added. A solution of acetic acid and sodium acetate is an example of a buffer that consists of a weak acid and its salt: CH3COOH (aq) + CH3COONa (aq). An example of a buffer that consists of a weak base and its salt is a solution of ammonia and ammonium chloride: NH3 (aq) + NH4Cl...
Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases02:16

Brønsted-Lowry Acids and Bases

In 1923, the Brønsted–Lowry definition of acids and bases was proposed by Johannes Brønsted and Thomas Lowry. According to this theory, a Brønsted acid is defined as a species that donates a proton in a chemical reaction and gets converted to its conjugate base. A Brønsted base is defined as a species that accepts a proton in a chemical reaction and gets converted into its conjugate acid. These transfers of protons are caused by the displacement of electrons in these reactions, which is...
Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis01:01

Acid Halides to Carboxylic Acids: Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of acid halides is a nucleophilic acyl substitution reaction in which acid halides react with water to give carboxylic acids. The reaction occurs readily and does not require acid or a base catalyst.
As shown below, the mechanism involves a nucleophilic attack by water at the carbonyl carbon to form a tetrahedral intermediate. This is followed by the reformation of the carbon–oxygen π bond along with the departure of a halide ion. A final proton transfer step yields carboxylic acid...
Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis01:13

Esters to Carboxylic Acids: Acid-Catalyzed Hydrolysis

Hydrolysis of esters under acidic conditions proceeds through a nucleophilic acyl substitution. In the presence of excess water, the reaction proceeds in a reversible manner, forming carboxylic acids and alcohols.
During hydrolysis, the ester is first activated towards nucleophilic attack through the protonation of the carboxyl oxygen atom by the acid catalyst. The protonation makes the ester carbonyl carbon more electrophilic. In the next step, water acts as a nucleophile and adds to the...
Ion Exchange01:17

Ion Exchange

Ion exchange chromatography separates charged molecules from a solution by reversibly exchanging them with mobile, or 'active', ions associated with the oppositely charged stationary phase. This method can be used to separate ions, soften and deionize water, and purify solutions. The polymers comprising the ion-exchange column are high-molecular-weight and chemically stable polymers, crosslinked to be porous and essentially insoluble. They are also functionalized with either acidic or basic...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 30, 2026

Synthesis of Thermogelling PolyN-isopropylacrylamide-graft-chondroitin Sulfate Composites with Alginate Microparticles for Tissue Engineering
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Calcium silicate hydrate complex konjac glucomannan-based hydrogel selectively adsorbed phosphate in low alkalinity

Xingyu Wu1, Siyu Liu1, Siqi Song1

  • 1College of Environment Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, 611130, China.

Journal of Environmental Management
|September 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary

A new composite hydrogel efficiently recovers phosphate from wastewater, acting as a potential slow-release fertilizer. This material shows high adsorption capacity and selectivity, even in complex solutions like biogas slurry.

Keywords:
AlkalescenceBio-based hydrogelCalcium silicate hydrateSelective adsorptionSoilless cultivation medium

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering

Background:

  • Nutrient management in wastewater is crucial for environmental protection.
  • Phosphorus recycling from wastewater conserves valuable resources.
  • Existing methods for phosphate recovery face challenges in efficiency and selectivity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a novel composite hydrogel for efficient phosphate recovery from aqueous solutions.
  • To investigate the adsorption capacity, kinetics, and selectivity of the developed material.
  • To explore the potential application of the recovered phosphate and the adsorbent.

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of konjac glucomannan/pectin/calcium silicate composite hydrogel (KP-CSH).
  • Phosphate adsorption experiments under various pH conditions and concentrations.
  • Kinetic and isotherm studies to determine adsorption mechanisms.
  • Selectivity tests in the presence of competing ions and in real biogas slurry.
  • Analysis of adsorption sites and mechanisms (ligand exchange, complexation).
  • Plant seed germination and seedling growth tests.

Main Results:

  • KP-CSH demonstrated high phosphate adsorption capacity (39–45 mg-P/g in a wide pH range, max 61.2 mg-P/g).
  • The adsorption process was identified as chemical adsorption, primarily involving calcium sites.
  • KP-CSH showed excellent selectivity for phosphate over other ions in complex matrices.
  • The hydrogel maintained effectiveness even at near-neutral pH after adsorption.
  • Post-recovery KP-CSH did not negatively impact plant growth and increased chlorophyll content.

Conclusions:

  • KP-CSH is a highly effective and selective adsorbent for phosphate recovery from wastewater.
  • The material's mechanism involves ligand exchange and intra-sphere complexation.
  • KP-CSH shows promise for resource recovery and potential use as a slow-release phosphate fertilizer.