Advancing 3-Dimensional Printed Burr Hole and Craniotomy Models for Neurosurgical Simulation Through Multimaterial...

Area of Science:

• Neurosurgery
• Biomedical Engineering
• Medical Simulation

Background:

• Traditional neurosurgical training methods (cadavers, animal models) present ethical, logistical, and cost challenges.
• Three-dimensional (3D) printing technology offers a promising alternative for developing realistic and accessible simulation models.
• There is a need for high-fidelity simulation models specifically for burr hole and craniotomy procedures.

Purpose of the Study:

• To introduce and evaluate a novel, high-fidelity 3D-printed neurosurgical simulation model.
• To assess the suitability of the model for practicing burr hole and craniotomy procedures.

Main Methods:

• Twelve 3D-printed skull models were created using five different materials and three printing processes (fused filament fabrication, stereolithography [SLA], material jetting).
• Six consultant neurosurgeons evaluated the models in a blinded study, performing burr hole and craniotomy procedures.
• Surgeons completed surveys assessing mechanical performance, visual and tactile qualities, sound, and overall training utility.

Main Results:

• Multimaterial SLA-printed models (White Resin outer, Rigid 10K inner) effectively replicated human skulls for simulation.
• Porous General Bone^STN material on a Stratasys J750 printer also showed promise.
• The best-performing models were identified based on surgeon feedback regarding realism and procedural simulation.

Conclusions:

• Economical desktop SLA 3D printers can produce effective neurosurgical training models.
• These 3D-printed models represent a viable and accessible solution for enhancing neurosurgical education.
• The study supports the integration of 3D printing technology into hospital training programs.