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Related Concept Videos

Design Example: Automobile Ignition System01:14

Design Example: Automobile Ignition System

The automobile's ignition system plays a vital role by ensuring the timely ignition of the fuel-air mixture in each cylinder. This ignition is facilitated by a spark plug, which is composed of two electrodes separated by an air gap. A spark forms across this air gap when a substantial voltage is generated between the electrodes, leading to the ignition of the fuel.
One can generate a large voltage using a car battery of 12 volts with the help of inductors. Inductors are known for opposing rapid...
Design Consideration01:22

Design Consideration

Designing a structure involves a series of considerations, primarily the material's ultimate strength, calculated through tests that measure changes under increased force until the material reaches its breaking point or limit. The ultimate load, where the material breaks, is divided by its original cross-sectional area, resulting in the ultimate normal stress or strength. The ultimate shearing stress is another significant factor taken into account.
The factor of safety is another key aspect...
Design of Transmission Shafts01:16

Design of Transmission Shafts

The design of a transmission shaft is governed by two primary specifications: the power it transmits and its rotational speed. These parameters guide the selection of the shaft's material and cross-sectional dimensions, ensuring that the material's maximum shearing stress remains within the elastic limit while transmitting the desired power at the given speed. The system's power is intrinsically linked to the applied torque. The torque applied to the shaft can be calculated by reconfiguring the...
Design of Transmission Shafts - Stress Analysis01:15

Design of Transmission Shafts - Stress Analysis

Designing a transmission shaft requires a thorough understanding of the stresses induced by bending moments and torques, especially in systems where power is transferred through gears. These forces create force-couple systems at the centers of the shaft's cross-sections, leading to both transverse and torsional loading. Although shearing stresses from transverse loads are typically smaller than those from torques and are often overlooked, the significant normal stresses from these loads...
PD Controller: Design01:26

PD Controller: Design

In automotive engineering, car suspension systems often employ Proportional Derivative (PD) controllers to enhance performance. PD controllers are utilized to adjust the damping force in response to road conditions. A controller, acting as an amplifier with a constant gain, demonstrates proportional control, with output directly mirroring input.
Designing a continuous-data controller requires selecting and linking components like adders and integrators, which are fundamental in Proportional,...
Design Example: Calculating Safe Diameter for Wind-Exposed Disc01:17

Design Example: Calculating Safe Diameter for Wind-Exposed Disc

Assessing safety in wind-exposed installations is crucial to preventing potential failures. This example explores the calculation and design adjustments needed to mount a circular disc on a building facade, where wind forces are a primary concern. A 4-meter diameter disc was initially designed as an aesthetic feature facing winds at a velocity of 25 meters per second, with an air density of 1.25 kilograms per cubic meter. Given these conditions, the drag force on the disc was determined using...

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Updated: Jun 26, 2026

Model Surgical Training: Skills Acquisition in Fetoscopic Laser Photocoagulation of Monochorionic Diamniotic Twin Placenta Using Realistic Simulators
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Value sensitive design and the artificial placenta.

Elizabeth Chloe Romanis1, Seppe Segers2, Ben D de Jong3

  • 1Gender and Law at Durham, Durham University, Durham, UK elizabeth.c.romanis@durham.ac.uk.

Journal of Medical Ethics
|September 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Artificial placenta technologies, or artificial wombs, are nearing human trials. This study explores ethical considerations in designing these artificial wombs, focusing on values like efficacy, compassion, and accessibility.

Keywords:
Embryos and FetusesEthics- MedicalPerinatal morbidityPerinatal mortalityPhilosophy- Medical

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Bioethics
  • Neonatal Care

Background:

  • Artificial placenta technologies, or artificial wombs, are advancing towards clinical application as alternatives to neonatal intensive care.
  • Ethical discussions surrounding partial ectogestation (continuing gestation outside the uterus) are increasing.
  • Limited attention has been paid to the ethical dimensions within the design process of artificial placenta technology.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the implications of a value-sensitive design approach for artificial placenta technology.
  • To identify and elaborate on the ethical considerations crucial for the design of artificial wombs.
  • To propose key values for guiding ethical design choices in artificial placenta development.

Main Methods:

  • Conceptual analysis of value-sensitive design principles applied to artificial placenta technology.
  • Ethical deliberation on theoretical and substantive issues in artificial womb design.
  • Exploration of specific values such as efficacy, compassion, and accessibility in design choices.

Main Results:

  • Applying a value-sensitive design framework to artificial placentas reveals significant ethical questions.
  • Distinguishing between preferences and values is critical for ethical design.
  • Efficacy, compassion, and accessibility are identified as core values for guiding the ethical design of artificial wombs.

Conclusions:

  • A value-sensitive design approach is essential for the ethical development of artificial placenta technologies.
  • Further research is needed to fully elucidate the ethical landscape of artificial womb design.
  • Ethical design must prioritize core human values to ensure responsible innovation in neonatal care alternatives.