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Related Concept Videos

Understanding Memory01:19

Understanding Memory

268
Memory is the retention of information or experiences over time, facilitated through three main processes: encoding, storage, and retrieval. Encoding is the process of inputting information into the memory system. For instance, when listening to a lecture, watching a play, reading a book, or having a conversation, the brain is actively encoding information. This initial stage involves transforming sensory input into a form that can be processed and stored by the brain. Various factors, such as...
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Interference and Decay01:16

Interference and Decay

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Forgetting is a complex cognitive phenomenon influenced by several factors, among which interference and decay are particularly prominent. These processes explain why individuals often struggle to retrieve specific information from memory, leading to lapses in recall that can be observed in everyday situations.
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Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory01:26

Higher Mental Functions of Brain: Learning and Memory

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Memory is one of the most vital higher mental functions of the brain. Memory is closely related to learning because it enables us to retain information and experiences from our past to use them in our present life. It also helps us to remember facts, events, and skills, such as riding a bike or swimming. There are two types of memory — declarative memory, which involves memorizing facts or events, and procedural memory, which enables us to remember how to do something like writing or...
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Long-Term Memory01:18

Long-Term Memory

128
Long-term memory is a relatively permanent type of memory, capable of storing vast amounts of information over extended periods. Its storage capacity is generally considered unlimited.
Long-term memory can be categorized into two primary types: explicit and implicit memory. Explicit memory, also known as declarative memory, involves the conscious recollection of information that we deliberately try to remember, recall, and articulate. This type of memory encompasses specific facts, events, and...
128
Storage01:23

Storage

79
A schema is a mental framework that helps individuals organize and interpret information. Schemata, formed from previous experiences, influence how we process new information: how we encode it, the inferences we make, and how we retrieve it. For instance, a schema for what a typical classroom looks like might include desks, a teacher's desk, a whiteboard, and students in such an environment. This expectation helps us quickly understand and navigate new classrooms without needing to analyze...
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Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory01:23

Role of Neurotransmitters in Memory

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Neurotransmitters are integral to the brain's communication system, enabling neurons to transmit signals across synapses. This chemical exchange underpins various cognitive functions, including memory processes. The role of neurotransmitters in memory is multifaceted, influencing the encoding, consolidation, and retrieval of memories through their action on different neural circuits.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Improved Preparation and Preservation of Hippocampal Mouse Slices for a Very Stable and Reproducible Recording of Long-term Potentiation
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Memory engram stability and flexibility.

Yosif Zaki1, Denise J Cai2

  • 1Nash Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.

Neuropsychopharmacology : Official Publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology
|September 19, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Memory engrams, once thought stable, are actually dynamic. Recent research shows brain cell activity during memory encoding, consolidation, and recall is more flexible than previously believed.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Science
  • Memory Research

Background:

  • Memories are encoded in distributed neural ensembles.
  • Cellular reactivation during sleep supports memory consolidation.
  • Recalled memories involve reactivation of original encoding ensembles.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review literature on episodic-like memory encoding, consolidation, and recall.
  • To highlight recent findings challenging the concept of stable memory engrams.
  • To discuss the dynamic and flexible nature of memory representations.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of past and recent studies.
  • Analysis of findings related to memory updating and reconsolidation.
  • Examination of processes like forgetting, schema learning, and representational drift.

Main Results:

  • Traditional view posits stable memory engrams.
  • Recent studies indicate memory representations are dynamic.
  • Processes like memory updating and reconsolidation demonstrate flexibility.

Conclusions:

  • The concept of a rigid, stable memory engram is being challenged.
  • Memory representations undergo dynamic changes.
  • Understanding memory flexibility is crucial for comprehending cognitive processes.