4D Printing Hybrid Soft Robots Enabled by Shape-Transformable Liquid Metal Nanoparticles

In recent years, soft robotics has emerged as a rapidly expanding frontier research field that draws inspiration from the locomotion mechanisms of soft-bodied creatures in nature to achieve smooth and complex motion for diverse applications. However, the fabrication of soft robots with hybrid structures remains challenging due to limitations in material selection and the complex, multi-step processes involved in traditional manufacturing methods. Herein, a novel direct one-step additive manufacturing (3D printing) approach is introduced for the fabrication of hybrid robots composed of soft and rigid components for sophisticated tasks. Inspired by the shape-transformable liquid metal nanoparticles (LMNPs), a functional material toolkit with tuneable mechanical properties and deformability is developed by integrating differently shaped gallium-based nanoparticles (GNPs) into the 3D printing polymers. Then the direct printing of assembled or one-piece hybrid soft-rigid robots is presented through a single recipe of GNPs-integrated inks. This fabrication method enables precise control of the mechanical properties and shape memory properties within the hybrid structures of robot body with a customized structure design. Their capabilities are further demonstrated through the design and fabrication of hybrid robots as high-precision gripper, bioinspired motor, and hand rehabilitation device.