Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride01:26

Radical Substitution: Hydrogenolysis of Alkyl Halides with Tributyltin Hydride

1.8K
Radical substitution reactions can be used to remove functional groups from molecules. The hydrogenolysis of alkyl halides is one such reaction, where the weak Sn–H bond in tributyltin hydride reacts with alkyl halides to form alkanes. Here, the reagent Bu3SnH yields tributyltin halide as a byproduct.
The bonds formed in this reaction are stronger than the bonds broken, making it energetically favorable. The reaction follows a radical chain mechanism similar to radical halogenation...
1.8K
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism01:10

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Mechanism

3.0K
Cyanohydrins are formed when cyanide nucleophiles and carbonyl compounds like aldehydes and ketones react. A strong base, the cyanide ion, catalyzes cyanohydrin formation. The ions are generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. Once the cyanide ions are generated, the first step involves the nucleophilic attack of the cyanide ions on the electrophilic carbonyl carbon. This attack shifts the π electrons from the C=O to the oxygen atom forming the alkoxide ion intermediate. The alkoxide anion...
3.0K
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

11.9K
Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
11.9K
Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction01:19

Acid Halides to Alcohols: LiAlH4 Reduction

2.7K
Acid halides are reduced to alcohols in the presence of a strong reducing agent like lithium aluminum hydride.
The mechanism proceeds in three steps. First, the nucleophilic hydride ion attacks the carbonyl carbon of the acid halide to form a tetrahedral intermediate. Next, the carbonyl group is re-formed, and the halide ion departs as a leaving group, generating an aldehyde. A second nucleophilic attack by the hydride yields an alkoxide ion, which, upon protonation, gives a primary alcohol as...
2.7K
Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview01:32

Aldehydes and Ketones with HCN: Cyanohydrin Formation Overview

2.6K
Cyanohydrins are compounds that contain –CN and –OH groups on the same carbon atom. They are formed by the nucleophilic addition of the cyanide ions to the carbonyl group. Cyanide ions are highly basic and nucleophilic and can be generated from HCN under aqueous conditions. However, since HCN is a weak acid, the number of cyanide ions generated is very small. Hence, a small amount of base or KCN/NaCN is added to HCN to increase the concentration of the cyanide ions in the reaction...
2.6K
Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction00:55

Nitriles to Amines: LiAlH4 Reduction

3.3K
Nitriles are reduced to amines in the presence of strong reducing agents like lithium aluminum hydride through a typical nucleophilic acyl substitution. The reaction requires two equivalents of the reducing agent. The reducing agent acts as a source of hydride ions.
As shown below, the mechanism involves three steps. Firstly, the hydride ion acting as a nucleophile attacks the nitrile carbon to form an anion. In the second step, a second equivalent of the hydride ion attacks the anion to...
3.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Transesophageal echocardiography-guided anesthetic management of a patient with dilated cardiomyopathy, severe heart failure, and septic shock: a case report.

Frontiers in medicine·2026
Same author

A multiscale pathoanatomical atlas guides the design of functionally graded, anatomically intelligent implants for chronic osteomyelitis.

Bioactive materials·2026
Same author

Nano-Nickel Pinned Defective MoS<sub>2</sub> Heterostructures via Ball Milling for Improved Hydrogen Evolution.

Chemistry (Weinheim an der Bergstrasse, Germany)·2026
Same author

Electrostatic regulation of solvation chemistry enables ampere-hour-scale high-energy lithium metal batteries.

Nature nanotechnology·2026
Same author

An exciting Approach to Theoretical Spectroscopy.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

Advances in Remote Monitoring Technology Applications in Anesthesia: A Narrative Review.

Medical science monitor : international medical journal of experimental and clinical research·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
06:32

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions

Published on: August 17, 2016

19.5K

Poisoning Mechanism Map for Metal Hydride Hydrogen Storage Materials.

Jiapeng Bi1, Panpan Zhou1,2, Wei Jiang3

  • 1State Key Laboratory of Silicon and Advanced Semiconductor Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China.

Advanced Science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)
|September 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Impurity gases poison hydrogen storage materials (HSMs) by limiting hydrogen absorption or diffusion. Understanding these mechanisms is key to designing durable HSMs for reliable hydrogen storage systems.

Keywords:
hydrogen storage materialshydrogenation kineticsimpurity gaspoisoning mechanismsrate controlling step

More Related Videos

Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials
09:05

Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials

Published on: May 15, 2015

14.7K
Hydrogen Charging of Aluminum using Friction in Water
07:50

Hydrogen Charging of Aluminum using Friction in Water

Published on: January 28, 2020

5.9K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2025

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions
06:32

A Simple, Low-cost, and Robust System to Measure the Volume of Hydrogen Evolved by Chemical Reactions with Aqueous Solutions

Published on: August 17, 2016

19.5K
Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials
09:05

Supercritical Nitrogen Processing for the Purification of Reactive Porous Materials

Published on: May 15, 2015

14.7K
Hydrogen Charging of Aluminum using Friction in Water
07:50

Hydrogen Charging of Aluminum using Friction in Water

Published on: January 28, 2020

5.9K

Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Chemical Engineering
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Hydrogen storage materials (HSMs) are crucial for hydrogen energy applications.
  • Impurity gases significantly degrade HSM performance, limiting their practical use.
  • Understanding poisoning mechanisms is vital for developing robust hydrogen storage solutions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To elucidate the poisoning mechanisms of various impurity gases on different HSMs.
  • To categorize impurities based on their interaction behaviors during hydrogenation.
  • To introduce a new criterion for predicting impurity-substrate interactions.

Main Methods:

  • Experimental investigation of impurity gas effects (CO, CO2, O2, Ar, He, CH4, N2) on HSMs (ZrCo, Pd, U, LaNi5).
  • In situ Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM) to visualize poisoning behaviors.
  • Theoretical analysis using hydrogen spontaneous dissociation energy.

Main Results:

  • Impurities classified as active (chemical poisoning, limiting absorption) or inactive (physical hindrance, impeding diffusion).
  • Distinct mechanisms identified for active and inactive impurities affecting hydrogenation.
  • A novel criterion based on hydrogen spontaneous dissociation energy accurately predicts impurity-substrate interactions.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides a comprehensive framework for understanding and predicting impurity gas poisoning in HSMs.
  • Findings guide the design of HSMs with enhanced poisoning resistance.
  • This research contributes to the development of more resilient and long-lived hydrogen storage systems.