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Related Concept Videos

Viral Mutations00:36

Viral Mutations

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A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases of DNA or RNA in a genome. Some mutations occur during replication of the genome due to errors made by the polymerase enzymes that replicate DNA or RNA. Unlike DNA polymerase, RNA polymerase is prone to errors because it is not capable of “proofreading” its work. Viruses with RNA-based genomes, like HIV, therefore accrue mutations faster than viruses with DNA-based genomes. Because mutation and recombination provide the raw material...
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Viral Recombination00:57

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Cells are sometimes infected by more than one virus at once. When two viruses disassemble to expose their genomes for replication in the same cell, similar regions of their genomes can pair together and exchange sequences in a process called recombination. Alternatively, viruses with segmented genomes can swap segments in a process called reassortment.
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Retroviruses have a single-stranded RNA genome that undergoes a special form of replication. Once the retrovirus has entered the host cell, an enzyme called reverse transcriptase synthesizes double-stranded DNA from the retroviral RNA genome. This DNA copy of the genome is then integrated into the host’s genome inside the nucleus via an enzyme called integrase. Consequently, the retroviral genome is transcribed into RNA whenever the host’s genome is transcribed, allowing the...
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Retroviruses02:33

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Retroviruses and retrotransposons both insert copies of their genetic elements into the genome of the host cell. Thus, the viral genes are passed on when the host genome is replicated or translated. A typical retroviral DNA sequence contains 3-4 genes that encode the different proteins required for its structural assembly and function as a molecular parasite. This DNA is transcribed into a single mRNA, which is very similar in structure to conventional mRNAs, i.e., it is capped at the 5’...
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Mechanisms of Retrovirus-induced Cancers01:51

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Retroviruses are RNA viruses that have been shown to cause cancers in diverse species, including chickens, mice, cats, and monkeys. The RNA genomes of these viruses are first reverse-transcribed into single and then double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) copies. This dsDNA called proviral DNA then integrates into the host genome. Subsequently, the host cell transcribes the proviral DNA in concert with the chromosomal DNA. This leads to the production of viral RNA and proteins that assemble at the host...
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Protocols for Investigating the Host-tissue Distribution, Transmission-mode, and Effect on the Host Fitness of a Densovirus in the Cotton Bollworm
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Virology-The next fifty years.

Edward C Holmes1, Florian Krammer2, Felicia D Goodrum3

  • 1School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Laboratory of Data Discovery for Health Limited, Hong Kong SAR, China.

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Virology has advanced significantly, facing new challenges and scrutiny, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. Future research will focus on viral diversity, disease emergence, therapies, and host interactions.

Keywords:
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Area of Science:

  • Virology and viral genomics.
  • Infectious disease epidemiology.
  • Biotechnology and molecular biology.

Background:

  • Virology has seen substantial progress over the past 50 years.
  • Recent events, like the COVID-19 pandemic, have intensified focus on the field.
  • Understanding viral dynamics is crucial for public health.

Observation:

  • Key advancements include cataloging viral diversity, understanding disease emergence, and developing novel therapies and vaccines.
  • Research is exploring host-virus interactions and the role of viruses in chronic diseases.
  • Viruses are also recognized as valuable tools in cell biology research.

Findings:

  • The field has expanded to encompass genomic and phenotypic diversity of the virosphere.
  • Significant progress has been made in understanding viral disease emergence and developing interventions.
  • Host-virus interactions and the role of viruses in chronic conditions are increasingly studied.

Implications:

  • Future research directions include advanced viral disease therapies, vaccines, and interventions.
  • Continued exploration of host-virus interactions and the role of viruses in chronic diseases is essential.
  • Addressing scientific, technical, social, and political challenges will shape the future of virology.