Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Hearing01:31

Hearing

51.9K
When we hear a sound, our nervous system is detecting sound waves—pressure waves of mechanical energy traveling through a medium. The frequency of the wave is perceived as pitch, while the amplitude is perceived as loudness.
51.9K
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

44.6K
The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
44.6K
Auditory Pathway01:15

Auditory Pathway

5.3K
Auditory pathways constitute the complex neural circuits responsible for transmitting and interpreting auditory information from the peripheral auditory system to the brain. Sound waves are initially captured by the outer ear, funneled through the ear canal, and reach the tympanic membrane (eardrum). These vibrations are transmitted via the middle ear's ossicles to the inner ear's cochlea.
When viewed cross-sectionally, the cochlea reveals the scala vestibuli and scala tympani flanking...
5.3K
Hair Cells01:22

Hair Cells

40.1K
Hair cells are the sensory receptors of the auditory system—they transduce mechanical sound waves into electrical energy that the nervous system can understand. Hair cells are located in the organ of Corti within the cochlea of the inner ear, between the basilar and tectorial membranes. The actual sensory receptors are called inner hair cells. The outer hair cells serve other functions, such as sound amplification in the cochlea, and are not discussed in detail here.
40.1K
Neural Circuits01:25

Neural Circuits

1.1K
Neural circuits and neuronal pools are two of the main structures found in the nervous system. Neural circuits are networks of neurons that work together to carry out a specific task or process. They consist of interconnected neurons and glial cells, which provide structural and metabolic support.
Neuronal pools are collections of nerve cells with similar functions and interact through chemical and electrical signals. These pools include both interneurons (the central neural circuit nodes that...
1.1K
Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex01:14

Motor and Sensory Areas of the Cortex

3.3K
The cerebral cortex, the brain's outermost layer, is pivotal in processing complex cognitive tasks, emotions, and various sensory inputs and executing voluntary motor activities. This intricate structure is divided into three primary functional areas: the motor areas, sensory areas, and association areas.
Motor Areas
The motor areas located in the frontal lobe are central to controlling voluntary movements. This region is further subdivided into the primary motor cortex and the premotor...
3.3K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Self-vocalizations activate the developing auditory cortex via an intracortical pathway.

Science advances·2026
Same author

Optimization of spatial and temporal sampling resolution for optophysiology in large-scale two-photon calcium imaging.

Biomedical optics express·2026
Same author

Layer 6 corticothalamic neurons show diverse and dynamic responses that support a role in cortical gain control in noisy environments.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Granger Sensori-Behavioral Taxonomy of Neuronal Ensemble Activity from Two-Photon Calcium Imaging Data.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Robust Representation and Nonlinear Spectral Integration of Harmonic Stacks in Layer 4 of the Mouse Primary Auditory Cortex.

eNeuro·2026
Same author

Aging in the Primary Auditory Cortex.

Journal of the Association for Research in Otolaryngology : JARO·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Multiscale Investigations of Cortical Processing by Integrating Laminar Polytrodes and Optogenetics with Micro Electrocorticography in Rodents
07:52

Multiscale Investigations of Cortical Processing by Integrating Laminar Polytrodes and Optogenetics with Micro Electrocorticography in Rodents

Published on: May 23, 2025

84

Sparse representation of neurons for encoding complex sounds in the auditory cortex.

HiJee Kang1, Patrick O Kanold2

  • 1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

Progress in Neurobiology
|September 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

The auditory cortex (ACtx) rapidly learns complex sound statistics for auditory memory. Neuronal responses in ACtx subfields adapt to recurring sounds, indicating involvement in early implicit auditory learning.

Keywords:
2-photon imagingAuditory cortexMemorySound encoding

More Related Videos

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning
08:43

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Published on: October 22, 2015

10.3K
In Vitro Wedge Slice Preparation for Mimicking In Vivo Neuronal Circuit Connectivity
10:31

In Vitro Wedge Slice Preparation for Mimicking In Vivo Neuronal Circuit Connectivity

Published on: August 18, 2020

5.5K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Multiscale Investigations of Cortical Processing by Integrating Laminar Polytrodes and Optogenetics with Micro Electrocorticography in Rodents
07:52

Multiscale Investigations of Cortical Processing by Integrating Laminar Polytrodes and Optogenetics with Micro Electrocorticography in Rodents

Published on: May 23, 2025

84
Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning
08:43

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

Published on: October 22, 2015

10.3K
In Vitro Wedge Slice Preparation for Mimicking In Vivo Neuronal Circuit Connectivity
10:31

In Vitro Wedge Slice Preparation for Mimicking In Vivo Neuronal Circuit Connectivity

Published on: August 18, 2020

5.5K

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Auditory Perception
  • Learning and Memory

Background:

  • Complex auditory environments necessitate rapid sound source segregation for effective listening.
  • Implicit learning of sound statistics is crucial for forming auditory memory and adapting to acoustic environments.
  • The auditory cortex (ACtx) is implicated in auditory learning, but its underlying neural circuits remain largely unknown.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural circuits within the auditory cortex (ACtx) responsible for rapid implicit learning of complex sounds.
  • To determine how excitatory and inhibitory neurons in different ACtx subfields contribute to the early stages of auditory memory formation.

Main Methods:

  • In vivo 2-photon imaging of excitatory and parvalbumin (PV) inhibitory neurons in awake mice.
  • Utilized a human-adapted paradigm with passively presented complex sounds to induce rapid implicit learning.
  • Recorded neuronal activity in primary auditory cortex (A1) Layer 4 (L4), A1 L2/3, and secondary auditory cortex (A2) L2/3.

Main Results:

  • Distinct cell populations responsive to complex acoustic sequences were identified across all imaged ACtx subregions, including thalamocortical input layers (A1 L4).
  • Both excitatory and inhibitory neurons in all ACtx subfields exhibited reduced responses to recurring 'Target' sounds, signifying involvement in early implicit learning.
  • Population-level neural activity became decorrelated from Target sounds, irrespective of token duration, subregion, or cell type.

Conclusions:

  • The auditory cortex (ACtx), including its input layers, plays a significant role in the early phase of auditory memory for complex sounds.
  • Findings suggest a parallel processing strategy across different ACtx areas and between excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations.
  • This study elucidates the neural basis of rapid implicit auditory learning, contributing to our understanding of auditory perception and memory.