Immune Cells and Infectious Diseases in Preeclampsia Susceptibility

Preeclampsia is a severe pregnancy disorder, affecting approximately 10% of pregnancies worldwide, characterised by hypertension and proteinuria after the 20th week of gestation. The condition poses significant risks to both maternal and fetal health, including cardiovascular complications and impaired fetal development. Recent trends indicate a rising incidence of preeclampsia, correlating with factors such as advanced maternal age and cardiovascular comorbidities. Emerging evidence also highlights a notable increase in the association between autoimmune and infectious diseases with preeclampsia. Autoimmune conditions, such as type 1 diabetes and systemic lupus erythematosus, and infections triggered by global health challenges, including leptospirosis, Zika, toxoplasmosis, and Chagas disease, are now recognised as significant contributors to preeclampsia susceptibility by affecting placental formation and function. This review focuses on the immunologic mechanisms underpinning preeclampsia, exploring how immune system dysregulation and infectious triggers exacerbate the condition. It also discusses the pathologic mechanisms, including galectins, that preeclampsia shares with autoimmune and infectious diseases, and their significant risk for adverse pregnancy outcomes. We emphasise the necessity for accurate diagnosis and vigilant monitoring of immune and infectious diseases during pregnancy to optimise management and reduce risks. By raising awareness about these evolving risks and their impact on pregnancy, we aim to enhance diagnostic practices and preventive strategies, ultimately improving outcomes for pregnant women, especially in regions affected by environmental changes and endemic diseases.