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Related Concept Videos

Mutations01:35

Mutations

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Mutations are changes in the sequence of DNA. These changes can occur spontaneously or they can be induced by exposure to environmental factors. Mutations can be characterized in a number of different ways: whether and how they alter the amino acid sequence of the protein, whether they occur over a small or large area of DNA, and whether they occur in somatic cells or germline cells.
Chromosomal Alterations Are Large-Scale Mutations
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Mutagenicity and Carcinogenicity01:25

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Mutagenicity and carcinogenicity refer to the ability of drugs to cause genetic defects and induce cancer, respectively. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) classifies agents into four groups based on their carcinogenic potential. Group 1 agents are known human carcinogens; group 2A agents are probably carcinogenic to humans; group 3 agents lack data to support their role in carcinogenesis; and group 4 includes agents for which data support that they are not likely to be...
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Nucleotide Excision Repair

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DNA Distortion and Damage
Cells are regularly exposed to mutagens—factors in the environment that can damage DNA and generate mutations. UV radiation is one of the most common mutagens and is estimated to introduce a significant number of changes in DNA. These include bends or kinks in the structure, which can block DNA replication or transcription. If these errors are not fixed, the damage can cause mutations, which in turn can result in cancer or disease depending on which sequences are...
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Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
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Photoreceptors and Visual Pathways01:22

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At the molecular level, visual signals trigger transformations in photopigment molecules, resulting in changes in the photoreceptor cell's membrane potential. The photon's energy level is denoted by its wavelength, with each specific wavelength of visible light associated with a distinct color. The spectral range of visible light, classified as electromagnetic radiation, spans from 380 to 720 nm. Electromagnetic radiation wavelengths exceeding 720 nm fall under the infrared category,...
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Types of Toxins01:36

Types of Toxins

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Humans continually engage with an environment rich in potentially harmful chemicals. These are introduced to our bodies through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact. These chemicals exist in various forms, such as air and environmental pollutants, agricultural chemicals, organic solvents, and heavy metals.
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Let's shed light on photogenotoxicity.

Raiane R Diniz1, Marcelo de Pádula2, Alessandra M T de Souza3

  • 1Laboratório de Modelagem Molecular & QSAR (ModMolQSAR), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Microbiologia e Avaliação Genotóxica (LAMIAG), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.

The Science of the Total Environment
|September 20, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Current photosafety tests fail to detect photogenotoxicity, a DNA-damaging effect. New methods are needed to assess photogenotoxicity for comprehensive chemical safety, ensuring complete photosafety guarantees.

Keywords:
In silico toxicityIn vitroNAMsPhotocytotoxicityPhotogenotoxicityPhototoxicity

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Area of Science:

  • Toxicology
  • Photochemistry
  • Genetics

Background:

  • Photosensitization reactions from UV-vis radiation can cause DNA damage.
  • Phototoxicity assessment is crucial for chemicals exposed to light, including drugs and cosmetics.
  • Current validated tests (3T3 NRU, Reconstructed Human Epidermis) measure photocytotoxicity, not photogenotoxicity.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the limitations of current phototoxicity assessment methods.
  • To emphasize the need for reliable photogenotoxicity testing.
  • To advocate for the integration of photogenotoxicity assays into safety evaluations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of existing in vitro and in silico phototoxicity testing strategies.
  • Discussion of limitations in current validated assays (3T3 NRU).
  • Consideration of New Approach Methodologies (NAMs) like yeast-based assays.

Main Results:

  • Validated in vitro and in silico models primarily assess photocytotoxicity, missing photogenotoxic potential.
  • Existing genotoxicity assays adapted for UV-vis irradiation are not validated or standardized.
  • Chemicals like glyphosate demonstrate photogenotoxic potential despite negative results in current assays.

Conclusions:

  • Current photosafety assessments are insufficient due to the inability to detect photogenotoxicity.
  • There is a critical need to develop and implement validated in vitro and/or in silico photogenotoxicity tests.
  • A comprehensive battery of tests is required to ensure complete chemical photosafety.