Long-term biochar and soil organic carbon stability - Evidence from field experiments in Germany

Organic soil amendments (OSA) with long residence times, such as biochar, have a high potential for soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration. The highly aromatic structure of biochar reduces microbial decomposition and explains the slow turnover of biochar, indicating long persistence in soils and thus potential SOC sequestration. However, there is a lack of data on biochar-induced SOC sequestration in the long-term and under field conditions. We sampled two long-term field experiments in Germany, where biochar was applied 12 and 14 years ago. Both locations differ in soil characteristics and in the types and amounts of biochar and other OSA. Amendments containing compost and 31.5 Mg ha^-1 of biochar on a loamy soil led to a SOC stock increase of 38 Mg ha^-1 after OSA addition. The additional increase is due to non-biochar co-amendments such as compost or biogas digestate. After eleven years, this SOC stock increase was still stable. High biochar amount additions of 40 Mg ha^-1 combined with biogas digestate, compost or synthetic fertilizer on a sandy soil led to an increase of SOC stocks of 61 Mg ha^-1; 38 Mg ha^-1 dissipated in the following four years most likely due to lacking physical protection of the coarse soil material, and after nine years the biochar-amended soils showed only slightly higher SOC stocks (+7 Mg ha^-1) than the control. Black carbon stocks on the same soil increased in the short- and mid-term and decreased almost to the original stock levels after nine years. Our results indicate that in most cases the long-term effect on SOC and black carbon stocks is controlled by biochar quality and amount, while non-biochar co-amendments can be neglected. This study proves that SOC sequestration through the use of biochar is possible, especially in loamy soils, while non-biochar OSA cannot sequester SOC in the long term.