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Related Concept Videos

Gene Duplication and Divergence02:37

Gene Duplication and Divergence

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The seminal work of Ohno in 1970 popularized the idea of gene duplication and divergence. DNA sequence comparison studies reveal that a large portion of the genes in bacteria, archaebacteria, and eukaryotes was  generated by gene duplication and divergence, indicating its critical role in evolution.
The duplicated copies of the gene are called Paralogs. Paralogs with similar sequences and functions form a gene family. Across several species, a large number of gene families are...
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Gene Families01:57

Gene Families

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Gene families consist of groups of genes proposed to have originated from a common ancestor. Typically these arise through events in which a gene or genes are mistakenly duplicated during cell division. Unlike their parent genes (which are subject to selection pressure to maintain function), these gene copies do not need to preserve their sequences and may evolve at a relatively faster rate.
Occasionally these regions can be adapted to take on new roles within the organism, becoming novel genes...
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Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

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The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon...
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Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes03:21

Genome Size and the Evolution of New Genes

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While every living organism has a genome of some kind (be it RNA, or DNA), there is considerable variation in the sizes of these blueprints. One major factor that impacts genome size is whether the organism is prokaryotic or eukaryotic. In prokaryotes, the genome contains little to no non-coding sequence, such that genes are tightly clustered in groups or operons sequentially along the chromosome. Conversely, the genes in eukaryotes are punctuated by long stretches of non-coding sequence.
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Cancer-Critical Genes I: Proto-oncogenes01:33

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Genes usually encode proteins necessary for the proper functioning of a healthy cell. Mutations can often cause changes to the gene expression pattern, thereby altering the phenotype.
When the function of certain critical genes, especially those involved in cell cycle regulation and cell growth signaling cascades, gets disrupted, it upsets the cell cycle progression. Such cells with unchecked cell cycles start proliferating uncontrollably and eventually develop into tumors.
Such genes that act...
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Reporter Genes02:11

Reporter Genes

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Reporter genes are a type of protein-coding gene that are often tagged to a gene of interest. Once inside a target cell, reporter genes usually produce visually identifiable characteristics like fluorescence and luminescence when expressed along with the gene of interest. Thus, reporter genes “report” the presence or absence of genes of interest in an organism, determine the gene expression pattern, or track the physical location of a DNA segment or protein in the cell.
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Microarray-based Identification of Individual HERV Loci Expression: Application to Biomarker Discovery in Prostate Cancer
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Pseudogene: Relevant or Irrelevant?

Yang-Hsiang Lin1, Chau-Ting Yeh2, Cheng-Yi Chen3

  • 1Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.

Biomedical Journal
|September 21, 2024
PubMed
Summary

Pseudogenes, once dismissed as "junk DNA," are now recognized as functional molecules regulating biological processes. Emerging evidence highlights their roles in cellular functions and as potential cancer prognostic markers.

Keywords:
Junk DNANon-coding RNAPeptidePrognosisPseudogene

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Area of Science:

  • Genomics
  • Molecular Biology
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are crucial regulators of biological functions, increasingly evident with high-throughput technologies.
  • Pseudogenes, historically considered non-functional DNA, can be transcribed into RNA, suggesting a potential regulatory role.
  • Recent studies indicate some pseudogenes can encode functional peptides or proteins.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review and discuss the current understanding of pseudogenes and their derived molecules.
  • To highlight the functional roles of pseudogenes in various biological processes.
  • To explore the potential of pseudogenes as prognostic markers in cancers.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of current research findings.
  • Comprehensive analysis of studies on pseudogene transcription and function.
  • Discussion of evidence linking pseudogenes to biological regulation and disease.

Main Results:

  • Pseudogenes are transcribed into functional molecules, including peptides and proteins.
  • Pseudogenes and their derivatives participate in diverse biological functions.
  • Pseudogenes show promise as prognostic markers in cancer.

Conclusions:

  • Pseudogenes are not merely "junk DNA" but possess significant biological functions.
  • Further research into pseudogene functions can reveal novel therapeutic and diagnostic strategies.
  • Pseudogenes represent a dynamic layer of genetic regulation with implications for health and disease.