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Related Concept Videos

Tumor Immunotherapy01:27

Tumor Immunotherapy

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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Combination Therapies and Personalized Medicine02:50

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Combining two or more treatment methods increases the life span of cancer patients while reducing damage to vital organs or tissue from the overuse of a single treatment. Combination therapy also targets different cancer-inducing pathways, thus reducing the chances of developing resistance to treatment.
The combination of the drug acetazolamide and sulforaphane is a good example of combination therapy to treat cancer. The cells in the interior of a large tumor often die due to the hypoxic and...
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Targeted Cancer Therapies02:57

Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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Cancer Therapies02:49

Cancer Therapies

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Cancer therapies are various modes of treatment, such as surgery, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy that are administered to cancer patients.
However, cancer treatments can pose several challenges, as therapies used to kill cancer cells are generally also toxic to normal cells. Moreover, cancer cells mutate rapidly and can develop resistance to chemical agents or radiation therapy. Besides, all types of cancer cells may not respond to the same therapy. Some cancer cells respond to one...
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Cancer Vaccines01:30

Cancer Vaccines

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Cancer treatment vaccines are a rapidly evolving field that offers a promising approach to immunotherapy. Unlike traditional vaccines that prevent diseases, cancer treatment vaccines are designed to treat existing cancers by stimulating the immune system to recognize and attack cancer cells.
Cancer vaccines come in two categories: preventive (prophylactic) and treatment (active). Preventive vaccines, such as the Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine, protect against viruses that cause certain...
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Preserved CD4 <sup>+</sup> T cell helper function and coordinated antiviral immunity in people with HBV/HIV co-infection on long-term therapy.

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Fine needle aspirates characterise the hepatocellular carcinoma immune niche to predict immune checkpoint inhibitor outcomes.

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Tracking B cell immunity during perturbation of hepatitis B infection induced by treatment withdrawal.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2025

An Oncogenic Hepatocyte-Induced Orthotopic Mouse Model of Hepatocellular Cancer Arising in the Setting of Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis
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Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Alexa Childs1,2, Gloryanne Aidoo-Micah1,2, Mala K Maini2

  • 1Department of Medical Oncology, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK.

JHEP Reports : Innovation in Hepatology
|September 23, 2024
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) treatment is advancing with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). Research is exploring biomarkers and novel immunotherapies to improve outcomes for this challenging cancer.

Keywords:
adoptive cell therapybiomarkerscheckpoint inhibitorshepatocellular carcinomaimmunotherapytumour microenvironment

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Author Spotlight: Investigating Immune Cell Dynamics in the Tumor Microenvironment &#8212; Challenges and Innovations in Cancer Prognosis
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Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Immunology
  • Hepatology

Background:

  • Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) presents a significant global health burden, with rising incidence and mortality rates, making it the third leading cause of cancer death.
  • Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have revolutionized advanced HCC treatment, offering superior survival benefits over traditional therapies like sorafenib.
  • Current standard of care for advanced HCC includes combination therapies such as atezolizumab with bevacizumab or durvalumab with tremelimumab.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the current understanding of the immune landscape in HCC development.
  • To summarize the evidence supporting ICI-based therapeutic strategies in HCC across different disease stages.
  • To describe the progress in biomarker development and novel immunotherapy approaches for HCC.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of clinical trials and research studies on HCC and immunotherapy.
  • Analysis of the immune microenvironment in HCC.
  • Evaluation of biomarker research and early-phase clinical trials for novel immunotherapies.

Main Results:

  • ICI-based combination therapies are now standard for advanced HCC and show promise in early/intermediate settings.
  • Despite treatment advances, validated predictive biomarkers for ICI response in HCC are still lacking.
  • Ongoing research focuses on understanding the HCC tumor microenvironment to identify predictive biomarkers and therapeutic targets.

Conclusions:

  • ICI-based therapies represent a significant advancement in HCC treatment, improving survival and progression-free survival.
  • The absence of validated predictive biomarkers remains a critical challenge in optimizing ICI therapy for HCC.
  • Future research directions include characterizing the tumor immune microenvironment and developing novel immunotherapeutic strategies for HCC.