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Related Concept Videos

Otto and Diesel Cycle01:27

Otto and Diesel Cycle

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An Otto engine is a four-stroke engine that uses a mixture of gasoline and air as the working fuel. The fuel is injected into the cylinder, and the piston is moved completely down so that the cylinder is at maximum volume. By moving the piston up, adiabatic compression takes place. The spark plug ignites the gasoline-air mixture, and the burning fuel adds heat to the system at a constant volume. The heated mixture expands adiabatically and gets further cooled by exhausting heat, and this cyclic...
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Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

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Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the...
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Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation01:28

Reduction of Benzene to Cyclohexane: Catalytic Hydrogenation

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Unlike the easy catalytic hydrogenation of an alkene double bond, hydrogenation of a benzene double bond under similar reaction conditions does not take place easily. For example, in the reduction of stilbene, the benzene ring remains unaffected while the alkene bond gets reduced. Hydrogenation of an alkene double bond is exothermic and a favorable process. In contrast, to hydrogenate the first unsaturated bond of benzene, an energy input is needed; that is, the process is endothermic. This is...
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Batteries and Fuel Cells03:12

Batteries and Fuel Cells

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A battery is a galvanic cell that is used as a source of electrical power for specific applications. Modern batteries exist in a multitude of forms to accommodate various applications, from tiny button batteries such as those that power wristwatches to the very large batteries used to supply backup energy to municipal power grids. Some batteries are designed for single-use applications and cannot be recharged (primary cells), while others are based on conveniently reversible cell reactions that...
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Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control01:23

Electrophilic Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene: Thermodynamic vs Kinetic Control

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The addition of a hydrogen halide to 1,3-butadiene gives a mixture of 1,2- and 1,4-adducts. Since more substituted alkenes are more stable, the 1,4-adduct is expected to be the major product. However, the product distribution is strongly influenced by temperature; low temperature favors the 1,2-adduct, whereas the 1,4-adduct is predominant at high temperature.
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Hess's Law03:40

Hess's Law

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There are two ways to determine the amount of heat involved in a chemical change: measure it experimentally, or calculate it from other experimentally determined enthalpy changes. Some reactions are difficult, if not impossible, to investigate and make accurate measurements for experimentally. And even when a reaction is not hard to perform or measure, it is convenient to be able to determine the heat involved in a reaction without having to perform an experiment.
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  1. Home
  3. Research Domains
  5. Engineering
  7. Environmental Engineering
  9. Air Pollution Modelling And Control
  11. Effects Off Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (hvo) And Hvo/biodiesel Blends On The Physicochemical And Toxicological Properties Of Emissions From An Off-road Heavy-duty Diesel Engine.
  1. Home
  3. Research Domains
  5. Engineering
  7. Environmental Engineering
  9. Air Pollution Modelling And Control
  11. Effects Off Hydrogenated Vegetable Oil (hvo) And Hvo/biodiesel Blends On The Physicochemical And Toxicological Properties Of Emissions From An Off-road Heavy-duty Diesel Engine.

Related Experiment Video

Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability
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Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability

Published on: October 21, 2016

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Effects off hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) and HVO/biodiesel blends on the physicochemical and toxicological properties of emissions from an off-road heavy-duty diesel engine.

Cavan McCaffery1, Hanwei Zhu1,2, C M Sabbir Ahmed3

  • 1Bourns College of Engineering - Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, Riverside, CA 92507, United States.

Fuel (London, England)
|September 23, 2024

View abstract on PubMed

Summary
This summary is machine-generated.
Keywords:
BiodieselHydrogenated vegetable oilNOx emissionsPAHs emissions

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Biomass Conversion to Produce Hydrocarbon Liquid Fuel Via Hot-vapor Filtered Fast Pyrolysis and Catalytic Hydrotreating
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Author Spotlight: Employing Green-Chemistry Principles for Safe and Sustainable Synthesis of Biodiesels
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Author Spotlight: Employing Green-Chemistry Principles for Safe and Sustainable Synthesis of Biodiesels

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Related Experiment Videos

Original Experimental Approach for Assessing Transport Fuel Stability
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Author Spotlight: Employing Green-Chemistry Principles for Safe and Sustainable Synthesis of Biodiesels
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Author Spotlight: Employing Green-Chemistry Principles for Safe and Sustainable Synthesis of Biodiesels

Published on: April 19, 2024

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Hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) and its biodiesel blends significantly reduce particulate matter (PM) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from diesel engines. These biofuels also decrease the oxidative stress and cytotoxicity associated with PM emissions.

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Science
  • Combustion Engineering
  • Toxicology

Background:

  • Diesel engines are significant sources of regulated emissions, gaseous toxics, and particulate matter (PM).
  • Hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) and biodiesel blends are emerging as alternative fuels for diesel engines.
  • Limited research exists on the emissions and health effects of HVO and biodiesel blends in off-road diesel engines.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate regulated emissions, gaseous toxics, and PM properties from a legacy off-road diesel engine.
  • To compare emissions from hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) and HVO-biodiesel blends against conventional diesel fuel.
  • To assess the toxicological impacts, including oxidative stress and cytotoxicity, of PM emissions from these alternative fuels.

Main Methods:

Toxicity
  • Emissions testing of a legacy off-road diesel engine using hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO), HVO-biodiesel blends, and conventional diesel.
  • Utilized the nonroad transient cycle (NRTC) and the 5-mode D2 ISO 8718 cycle for extended testing.
  • Analyzed regulated emissions (e.g., NOx), particulate matter (PM), solid particle number, gaseous toxics, and low-molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).

Main Results:

  • Hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) demonstrated statistically significant reductions in nitrogen oxide (NOx) emissions compared to diesel.
  • Biodiesel blends showed statistically significant increases in NOx emissions but reductions in PM and solid particle number.
  • Pure HVO and biodiesel blends resulted in lower concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and decreased oxidative stress and cytotoxicity in PM emissions.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrogenated vegetable oil (HVO) offers emission benefits, including reduced NOx and PM, and lower toxicological impact from PM.
  • Biodiesel blends also reduce PM and associated health risks, though they may increase NOx emissions.
  • Results highlight the potential of HVO and biodiesel blends as cleaner alternatives for off-road diesel engines, with notable correlations between PM characteristics and health effects.