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Updated: Jun 12, 2025

Multimodal Volumetric Retinal Imaging by Oblique Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy oSLO and Optical Coherence Tomography OCT

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Published on: August 4, 2018

Retinoscopes: Past and present.

Mutali Musa^1,2, Ehimare Enaholo^2,3, Babatunde Ismail Bale¹

¹Department of Optometry, University of Benin, Benin 300283, Nigeria.

World Journal of Methodology

|September 23, 2024

Summary

Retinoscopy, a key eye exam for refractive errors, has evolved significantly. Modern advancements improve diagnostic accuracy, though skilled interpretation remains crucial for effective eye care.

Keywords:

Artificial intelligence Autorefractor Ophthalmology Optics Refractive errors Retinoscopy

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Area of Science:

Ophthalmology and Optometry
Medical Device Technology

Background:

Retinoscopy is a fundamental, non-invasive technique for diagnosing and managing refractive errors in all patient age groups.
Its utility is particularly high in patients with limited cooperation or communication abilities, making it a versatile clinical tool.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a historical overview of retinoscopes.
To critically examine the current scientific literature on retinoscopy advancements and applications.

Main Methods:

A systematic literature search was performed using PubMed and reference citation analysis.
The search focused on publications from 2013 to 2023, utilizing specific MeSH terms and all fields for 'Retinoscopy' and 'Retinoscopes'.

Main Results:

The review encompassed 286 records, detailing the evolution of retinoscopy.
Key developments include iterations into autorefractors, infrared photo retinoscope, television retinoscopy, and Wi-Fi enabled digital retinoscopes.

Conclusions:

Retinoscopy has undergone substantial evolution, enhancing its diagnostic capabilities significantly.
Despite its advantages (non-invasiveness, broad applicability), limitations persist, underscoring the need for expert interpretation.
Future advancements, including AI integration, are poised to further refine retinoscopy's role in comprehensive eye care.