Impact of different stall layouts with robotic milking systems on the behavioral pattern of multiparous cows

The present study aimed to compare the efficiency of different pens and animal flow configuration layouts in freestall pens using a robotic milking system (RMS) with guided flow based on the behavioral patterns of multiparous lactating Holstein dairy cows in a commercial farm. The behavior of 24 cows in freestall pens was evaluated, divided into 4 different stall configurations: original (OR), conversion (CVS), toll-booth I (TBI), and toll-booth II (TBII), each featuring distinct circulation layouts with different configurations of location, position, and number of guided-flow RMS equipment, feed bunk, water trough, commitment pen, sand beds, sorting gates, and one-way gate. Six multiparous cows, parity 2 or 3, with an average (± SD) of 180 ± 20 DIM, were randomly selected from each freestall pen for focal assessment of behavioral patterns. The location, position, and behavior of each animal were recorded in a field ethogram, with individual sequences recorded at 15-min intervals using the focal method during 6 nonconsecutive 10-h periods in each pen, and the proportion of observed time for each behavior was assessed. The pens differed in the number of available milking robots (1, 2, or 3), the number of animals per robot, the quantity and orientation of smart doors, and the placement of feed bunks, water troughs, and sand beds. A completely randomized experimental design was used to compare the 4 stalls, with a nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test, in which the medians of the treatments were then compared with the Dunn test at a significance level of 5%, using the Minitab software. The behavioral pattern of cows exhibited differences based on the stall configuration with RMS as a proportion of the observed time (60 h). The TBI stall configuration, where the animal needs to be milked to exit the milking robot, showed a higher percentage of observed time spent in the sand bed (68%) and lying position (64%) compared with other stalls, as a proportion of the observed time (60 h). Notably, the TBII stall exhibited a significant amount as a proportion of observed time (60 h) in the holding area (16%), possibly attributed to a layout with a higher number of animals per robot, emphasizing the importance of respecting the number of animals per robot when housing in a stall with RMS. Thus, spatial configuration and the density of robotic systems are factors that influence the behavioral pattern of dairy cows.