Plant Robots: Harnessing Growth Actuation of Plants for Locomotion and Object Manipulation

Plants display physical displacements during their growth due to photosynthesis, which converts light into chemical energy. This can be interpreted as plants acting as actuators with a built-in power source. This paper presents a method to create plant robots that move and perform tasks by harnessing the actuation output of plants: displacement and force generated from the growing process. As the target plant, radish sprouts are employed, and their displacement and force are characterized, followed by the calculation of power and energy densities. Based on the characterization, two different plant robots are designed and fabricated: a rotational robot and a gripper. The former demonstrates ground locomotion, achieving a travel distance of 14.6 mm with an average speed of 0.8 mm h^-1. The latter demonstrates the picking and placing of an object with a 0.1-g mass by the light-controlled open-close motion of plant fingers. A good agreement between the experimental and model values is observed in the specific data of the mobile robot, suggesting that obtaining the actuation characteristics of plants can enable the design and prediction of behavior in plant robots. These results pave the way for the realization of novel types of environmentally friendly and sustainable robots.