Helminth-derived molecules: Pathogenic and pharmacopeial roles

Area of Science:

• Immunology
• Parasitology
• Molecular Biology
• Metabolic Homeostasis

Background:

• Parasitic helminths (trematodes, cestodes, nematodes) are widespread multicellular invertebrates causing chronic infections.
• Helminths produce diverse molecules involved in host immune and metabolic interactions.
• These molecules mediate immune evasion for parasite survival and chronic infection establishment.

Purpose of the Study:

• To review the properties of helminth-derived molecules.
• To provide an overview of recent scientific knowledge on their pathogenic and pharmacopeial roles.
• To explore their impact on host immune-metabolic homeostasis.

Main Methods:

• Literature review focusing on helminth-derived molecules.
• Analysis of scientific knowledge regarding host-helminth interactions.
• Examination of immune and metabolic regulatory mechanisms.

Main Results:

• Helminth molecules exhibit potent immunosuppressive effects, facilitating parasite survival.
• These molecules also ameliorate autoimmune and allergic responses.
• They promote metabolic homeostasis through immune cell reprogramming (e.g., alternatively activated macrophages, T helper 2 cells, regulatory T cells).

Conclusions:

• Helminth-derived molecules possess dual roles in host immunity, impacting both infection and non-infectious inflammatory diseases.
• Further exploration of their immunopathogenic and immune regulatory mechanisms is crucial.
• This knowledge can guide the development of novel therapeutic strategies for various diseases.